Latest revision as of 08:00, 21 March 2012

GAM670/DPS905 -- Weekly Schedule 20121

Week 1 - Jan 8

This Week

Assignment Discussion
Suggested Enhancements
Review of the Base Code
- Definition of a Framework
  - Modularity through stable interfaces
  - Re-usability through generic components
  - Extensibility through hook methods
  - Inversion of control - determines which application methods to invoke in response to external events
- Framework Architecture
  - Modelling Layer
  - API Translation Layer
- Notable Features of the Base Code
- camera, sound, and light are also derived from the Frame class
- textures attach at the object level
- texture connection is uncoupled from drawing of the graphics primitives
- reference frames are relative
- very simple collision detection

To Do

add your name to the student list
create a team page that includes the semester number 20121
- describe the game that you intend to develop
- list the topics of interest to your team in developing its game
- list the other topics of interest

Resources

Week 2 - Jan 16

This Week

Relative Reference Frames
- Recursive calls
  Vector Frame::position()
  
  Matrix Frame::rotation()
  
  Matrix Frame::world()
- Detaching from and attaching to a parent frame
  Frame::attachTo()
Geometry
- Plane
  normal + constant - examples
  
  equation of a plane: dot(n, x) + D = 0
  
  positive side of a plane dot(n, x) + D > 0
Collision Detection
types of colliders
spheres

planes

axis-aligned bounding boxes

oriented bounding boxes

To Do

Research the feature that you are going to add and prepare a plan of action
Prepare a team page for your team so that repos can be ordered
Add a section to your team page to track your project and solicit commentary

Resources

Week 3 - Jan 23

This Week

Collision Detection (cont'd)
Shape
Shape : Frame

Shape::setRadius()

Shape::getRadius()

Shape::setRadius(float r);

Shape::setRadius(float x, float y, float z);

Shape::getRadius() const { return radius; }

Shape::setPlane(Vector n, float d);

Shape::setAxisAligned(Vector min, Vector max);
Comprehensive Camerawork
rotation about an axis

order of rotation matters

Euler angles
3-2-1 angles

gimbal lock
StephenSeefeld.net

complex numbers
solution of cubic equations 16th century

two-dimensional representation

matrix representation

quaternions
extension of complex numbers

four-dimensional representation

matrix representation

geometric algebra (more abstract)
Dorst's site

Hitzer's site
Visibility Determination
- test a point for presence within a set of planes
  
  normal calculations - general rotation matrix - vector and angle
- ViewFrustum
  parameter - view * projection
  
  6 planes
  near and far planes
  
  left and right planes
  
  top and bottom planes
  
  coding
  constructor
  
  ViewFrustum::contains()
- Finite Size of Objects
  Expansion of the View Frustum
Index Buffers
amount of storage needed for vertex data

duplication of vertex data

indexing

indexed primitives

To Do

Resources

Wikipedia on Complex Numbers
Wikipedia on Quaternions
Wikipedia on quaternions and Spatial Rotations
Wolfram on Quaternions
CProgramming.com on Quaternions
Ogre intro on Quaternions
collision sample
indexBuffering sample

Week 4 - Jan 30

This Week

Meshes
What is a mesh?
vertex list -> vertex buffer

index list -> index buffer

attribute list -> subset to which primitives belong

pyramid sample

Stock Objects
Sphere
slices and partitions

Cylinder

Torus

Utah Teapot

APIGraphic.h and .cpp code

Custom Mesh
Create a Mesh

APIGraphic.h code

template <class T = Vertex, class I = Index>
class APICustomMesh : public iAPIGraphic, public APIBase {

    unsigned   nSubsets;    // number of subsets
    unsigned   nPrimitives; // number of primitives
    unsigned*  attribute;   // points to mesh's attribute list
    I*         index;       // points to mesh's array of indices
    unsigned   iIndex;      // number of indices currently saved
    unsigned   nIndices;    // number of indices in the mesh
    T*         vertex;      // points to mesh's array of vertices
    unsigned   iVertex;     // number of vertices currently saved
    unsigned   nVertices;   // number of vertices in the mesh
    LPD3DXMESH apiMesh;     // set of vertices, indices

  protected:
    virtual ~APICustomMesh();
    void setup();

  public:
    APICustomMesh(unsigned*, int, int, int, int);
    APICustomMesh(const APICustomMesh& v);           
    APICustomMesh& operator=(const APICustomMesh& v);
    APICustomMesh* clone() const { return new APICustomMesh(*this); }
    unsigned add(const T& v);
    void     add(unsigned);
    void     draw(unsigned);
    void     suspend();
    void     release()           { suspend(); }
    void     Delete() const      { delete this; }
};

APIGraphic.cpp - APIGraphic

template <class T, class I>
APICustomMesh<T, I>::APICustomMesh(unsigned* a, int np, int ni, int nv, int ns)
 : nSubsets(ns), nPrimitives(np), nIndices(ni), nVertices(nv), iIndex(0),
 iVertex(0) {

    attribute = new unsigned[nPrimitives];
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPrimitives; i++)
        attribute[i] = a[i];

    index   = new I[nIndices];
    vertex  = new T[nVertices];

    apiMesh = nullptr;
}

APIGraphic.cpp - add()

template <class T, class I>
unsigned APICustomMesh<T, I>::add(const T& v) {

    unsigned i = iVertex;

    if (vertex && iVertex < nVertices)
        vertex[iVertex++] = v;

    return i;
}

template <class T, class I>
void APICustomMesh<T, I>::add(unsigned v) {

    if (index && iIndex < nIndices)
        index[iIndex++] = v;
}

APIGraphic.cpp - setup()

template <class T, class I>
void APICustomMesh<T, I>::setup() {

    T *pv;
    I *pi;
    DWORD *pa;
    nIndices  = iIndex;
    nVertices = iVertex;

    // create an empty mesh and lock its buffers
    if (FAILED(D3DXCreateMesh(nPrimitives, nVertices, 0,
     APIVertexDeclaration<T>::format(), d3dd, &apiMesh))) {
        error(L"APIMesh::14 Couldn\'t create the empty mesh");
        apiMesh = nullptr;
    }
    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockVertexBuffer(0, (void**)&pv))) {
        error(L"APIMesh::15 Couldn\'t lock vertex buffer");
        release();
    }
    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockIndexBuffer(0, (void**)&pi))) {
        error(L"APIMesh::16 Couldn\'t lock index buffer");
        release();
    }
    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockAttributeBuffer(0, &pa))) {
        error(L"APIMesh::17 Couldn\'t lock attribute buffer");
        release();
    }
    else {
        // populate the newly created Vertex Buffer
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nVertices; i++)
            vertex[i].populate((void**)&pv);
        apiMesh->UnlockVertexBuffer();
        // populate the newly created Index Buffer
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nIndices; i++)
            pi[i] = index[i];
        apiMesh->UnlockIndexBuffer();
        // Populate the newly created Attribute Buffer
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPrimitives; i++)
            pa[i] = attribute[i];
        apiMesh->UnlockAttributeBuffer();
    }
}

APIGraphic.cpp - DrawSubset()

template <class T, class I>
void APICustomMesh<T, I>::draw(unsigned iSubset) {

    // if mesh doesn't exist, set it up first
    if (!apiMesh) setup();

    if (apiMesh)
        apiMesh->DrawSubset(iSubset);
}

DrawIndexedPrimitive parameters

APIGraphic.cpp - suspend()

template <class T, class I>
void APICustomMesh<T, I>::suspend() {

    // release the interface to the mesh
    if (apiMesh) {
        apiMesh->Release();
        apiMesh = nullptr;
    }
}

APIGraphic.cpp - ~APIGraphic

template <class T, class I>
APICustomMesh<T, I>::~APICustomMesh() {

    release();
    if (attribute)
        delete [] attribute;
    if (index)
        delete [] index;
    if (vertex)
        delete [] vertex;
}

X File
Create Mesh from File
SkyBox
definition of a skybox
attachment to camera

inverted coordinates

skybox textures

Graphic.cpp code

more complicated forms - skydome
Billboards
definition, purpose of a billboard

void Billboard::render(unsigned) {

    Vector h, u, r, p = position();
    Camera* camera = *(Camera**)(Camera::getCurrent());
    Vector cameraPosition = camera->position();
    Vector cameraHeading  = ::normal(camera->orientation('z'));
    Vector cameraUp       = ::normal(camera->orientation('y'));
    switch (type) {
    // ... see below
    }
    Matrix rot(r.x, r.y, r.z, 0,
               u.x, u.y, u.z, 0,
               h.x, h.y, h.z, 0,
                 0,   0,   0, 1);
    orient(rot);

    Object::render(0);
}

types of billboards
screen-aligned - useful for annotation text, lens flares
normal is opposite to camera heading

up is camera->up

        case SCREEN:
            h = cameraHeading; // fixed
            u = cameraUp;      // up is fixed   
            r = cross(u, h);
            break;

axial - useful for cylindrical symmetry - trees (textured object does not face straight on)
up is fixed

normal faces the viewer as much as possible

        case AXIAL:
            h = ::normal(position() - cameraPosition); // heading is open to change
            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up axis is fixed
            r = cross(u, h);
            h = cross(u, r);
            break;

view_plane - no distortion - useful for
normal is fixed (opposite to camera heading)

up is open to change

        case VIEW_PLANE:
            h = cameraHeading;   // heading is fixed
            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up is open to change
            r = cross(u, h);
            u = cross(h, r);
            break;

viewpoint - simulates distortion due to perspective projection - useful for clouds
normal is fixed (difference between viewpoint position and camera heading)

up is open to change

        case VIEWPOINT:
            h = ::normal(position() - cameraPosition); // heading is fixed
            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up is open to change
            r = cross(u, h);
            u = cross(h, r);
            break;

Object.h and Object.cpp code
Texture Filtering
mip maps
multum in parvo

texture creation

APITexture::SetSamplerState()

    // mipmap filtering
    if (flags & TEX_MIPMAP)
        d3dd->SetSamplerState(i, D3DSAMP_MIPFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
    else
        d3dd->SetSamplerState(i, D3DSAMP_MIPFILTER, D3DTEXF_NONE);

DirectX Errors
DirectX Utilities - Lookup Tool

APIDisplay::restore() example

bool APIDisplay::restore() {

    bool rc = false;

    if (d3dd) {
        HRESULT hr;
        hr = d3dd->TestCooperativeLevel();
        if (hr == D3DERR_DEVICENOTRESET)
            // reset the APIDisplay device
            rc = d3dd->Reset(&d3dpp) == D3D_OK;
        else if (hr == S_OK)
            rc = true;
    }
    if (rc) {
        // reacquire sprite manager references to video memory
        if (manager)
            manager->OnResetDevice();
    }

    // complete the restoration
    if (rc) {
        setupLighting();
        setupBlending();
    }

    return rc;
}

To Do

Resources

Week 5 - Feb 6

This Week

Vertex Declarations
FVF Codes

template <class T = Vertex>
class APIVertexDeclaration {

    static D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1];
    static unsigned vertexSize;

public:
    static D3DVERTEXELEMENT9* format() { return fmt; }
    static unsigned size()             { return vertexSize; }
};

template <>
D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 APIVertexDeclaration<Vertex>::fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1]
 = {
 { 0,  0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
 D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0},
 { 0, 12, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
 D3DDECLUSAGE_NORMAL, 0},
 { 0, 24, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
 D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 0},      
 D3DDECL_END()};

template<>
unsigned APIVertexDeclaration<Vertex>::vertexSize = 32;

template <>
D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 APIVertexDeclaration<LitVertex>::fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1]
 = {
 { 0,  0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
 D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0},
 { 0, 12, D3DDECLTYPE_D3DCOLOR, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
 D3DDECLUSAGE_COLOR, 0},
 D3DDECL_END()};

template <>
unsigned APIVertexDeclaration<LitVertex>::vertexSize = 16;

D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 struct

The Pipeline
What is a pipeline
The GPU
What is a GPU
- nVidia
  GeForce
  
  Quadro
  
  Tesla
  
  Comparison
- AMD (previously ATI)
  Radeon 520
  
  Comparison
Shader Languages
what is a shader

dedicated shaders

unified shaders

how does a shader work
- Languages
  HLSL - Microsoft
  
  Cg - nVidia
  
  GLSL - OpenGL (Khronos)
Vertex Shaders
Pixel Shaders
effect of skybox and point light on frame rate

To Do

Week 6 - Feb 13

This Week

Vertex Shader Programming

Host

APIPlatformSettings.h - Vertex Shader Identification - select between fixed function and programmable pipelines here

// shader file data
#define VERTEX_SHADER_FILE        L"vertexShader.hlsl"
#define VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "vertexShader"

APIBase.h - pointers into the shader - APIBase is the base class for the graphics API classes

    static IDirect3DVertexShader9* vertexShader; // vertex shader
    static ID3DXConstantTable*     uniformVS;    // for vertex shader

APIBase.cpp - initialize the shader pointers

IDirect3DVertexShader9* APIBase::vertexShader   = nullptr; // vertex shader
ID3DXConstantTable*     APIBase::uniformVS      = nullptr; // for vertex shader

APIDisplay.h - keeps track of the current projection matrix

    Matrix   projection;       // projection transformation

APIDisplay.cpp - setup() - checks the shader version

    // points to compiled shader code
    LPD3DXBUFFER compiledCodeVS = nullptr;

    // check for minimum vertex shader version required
    if (caps.VertexShaderVersion < D3DVS_VERSION(2,0))
        error(L"APIDisplay::09 Device does not support vertex shader 2_0");

compiles the shader hlsl code, retrieves address of constant memory and vertex shader

    // compile the vertex shader source code
    else if (FAILED(D3DXCompileShaderFromFile(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE, NULL,
     NULL, VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT, D3DXGetVertexShaderProfile(d3dd),
     D3DXSHADER_DEBUG | D3DXSHADER_SKIPOPTIMIZATION,
     &compiledCodeVS, NULL, &uniformVS))) {
        release();
        error(L"APIDisplay::13 Unable to compile vertex shader");
    }
    // create the vertex shader object
    else if (FAILED(d3dd->CreateVertexShader(
     (DWORD*)compiledCodeVS->GetBufferPointer(), &vertexShader))) {
        compiledCodeVS->Release();
        release();
        error(L"APIDisplay::14 Unable to create vertex shader object");
    }
    else {
        compiledCodeVS->Release();

sets the current vertex shader

        d3dd->SetVertexShader(vertexShader);

APIDisplay.cpp - setProjection() - stores the projection matrix

    this->projection = *((Matrix*)projection);

APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame() - copies the view matrix and the camera heading to constant memory

    Matrix& v = *((Matrix*)view);
    Matrix viewProjection = v * projection;
    uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "viewProjection",
     (D3DXMATRIX*)&viewProjection);
    Vector heading(v.m13, v.m23, v.m33);
    // Required for specular lighting calculations
    uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "heading", (FLOAT*)&heading, 3);

        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "ambient", (FLOAT*)&colour, 4);
        uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, "noLights", 4);

APIDisplay.cpp - set() - copies the lighting state to constant memory

                uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, "lighting", b);

APIDisplay.cpp - setWorld() - copies the world matrix to constant memory

        uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "world", (D3DXMATRIX*)world);

APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity() - copies the reflectivity to constant memory

        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient",  (FLOAT*)&r.ambient, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse",  (FLOAT*)&r.diffuse, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&r.specular, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloat     (d3dd, "material.power",    (FLOAT)r.power);

APIDisplay.cpp - release() - releases constant memory and the vertex shader

    // release the shader COM objects
    if (uniformVS) {
        uniformVS->Release();
        uniformVS = nullptr;
    }
    if (vertexShader) {
        vertexShader->Release();
        vertexShader = nullptr;
    }

APILight.cpp - setup() - copies the light properties to constant memory

        // Populate the vertex shader constant table
        //
        // Light descriptors within the vertex shader
        char typ[] = "light[0].type";
        char amb[] = "light[0].ambient";
        char dif[] = "light[0].diffuse";
        char spe[] = "light[0].specular";
        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
        char spt[] = "light[0].spot";
        char att[] = "light[0].attenuation";
        char ran[] = "light[0].range";
        //
        // Reset index in light descriptor
        typ[6] = index + '0';
        amb[6] = index + '0';
        dif[6] = index + '0';
        spe[6] = index + '0';
        pos[6] = index + '0';
        dir[6] = index + '0';
        spt[6] = index + '0';
        att[6] = index + '0';
        ran[6] = index + '0';
        // Populate the vertex shader constant table
        Vector attenuation(attenuation0, attenuation1, attenuation2);
        Vector spot(cosf(phi/2), cosf(theta/2), falloff);
        Vector zero;
        uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, typ, type);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, amb, (FLOAT*)&ambient, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dif, (FLOAT*)&diffuse, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spe, (FLOAT*)&specular, 4);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, att, (FLOAT*)&attenuation, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spt, (FLOAT*)&spot, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, ran, range);
        rc = true;

APILight.cpp - turnOn() - repositions the light and turns it on

        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
        pos[6] = index + '0';
        dir[6] = index + '0';
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);

APILight.cpp - update() - repositions the light

        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
        pos[6] = index + '0';
        dir[6] = index + '0';
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);

APILight.cpp - turnOff() - turns off the light

        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, false);

APIGraphic.h - class APIXMesh - processes an X file mesh

    D3DXCOLOR*          ambient;
    D3DXCOLOR*          diffuse;
    D3DXCOLOR*          specular;
    FLOAT*              power;

APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh() - constructor

    ambient  = nullptr;
    diffuse  = nullptr;
    specular = nullptr;
    power    = nullptr;

APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh() - copy constructor

    ambient  = nullptr;
    diffuse  = nullptr;
    specular = nullptr;
    power    = nullptr;

APIGraphic.cpp - operator=() = assignment operator

        if (ambient)
            delete [] ambient;
        if (diffuse)
            delete [] diffuse;
        if (specular)
            delete [] specular;
        if (power)
            delete [] power;
        ambient  = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
        diffuse  = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
        specular = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
        power    = new FLOAT[src.nSubsets];

        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
            ambient[i]  = src.ambient[i];
            diffuse[i]  = src.diffuse[i];
            specular[i] = src.specular[i];
            power[i]    = src.power[i];
        }

APIGraphic.cpp - setup() -

        ambient  = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
        diffuse  = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
        specular = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
        power    = new FLOAT[nSubsets];

            ambient[i].r = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.r * 0.7f;
            ambient[i].g = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.g * 0.7f;
            ambient[i].b = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.b * 0.7f;
            ambient[i].a = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.a;
            diffuse[i]   = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse; // reflected from lights
            specular[i]  = matl[i].MatD3D.Specular;       // shine from lights
            power[i]     = matl[i].MatD3D.Power; // 0 if it shouldn't be shiny

APIGraphic.cpp - draw()

            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&ambient[i], 4);
            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&diffuse[i], 4);
            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&specular[i], 4);
            uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)power[i]);

APIGraphic.cpp - suspend()

    if (ambient)
        delete [] ambient;
    if (diffuse)
        delete [] diffuse;
    if (specular)
        delete [] specular;
    if (power)
        delete [] power;

Device

vertexShader.hlsl - Constant Memory

#define MLIGHTS 4
#define POINT_LIGHT       0
#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2

// Types
//
// Light holds the data for a single light in world space
//
struct Light {
    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
    float4 ambient;    
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float3 direction;   // in world space
    float3 position;    // in world space
    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
};

// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
//
struct Material {
    float4 ambient;
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float  power;
};

// RawVertex holds the untransformed data for a single vertex
//
struct RawVertex {

    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;  // texture coordinates
};

// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for a single vertex
//
struct TransformedVertex {

    float4 position  : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
    float4 colour    : COLOR;      // colour of the lit vertex
    float2 texCoord0 : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates - stage 0
    float2 texCoord1 : TEXCOORD1;  // texture coordinates - stage 1
};

// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of vertices)
//
// Lighting
float4   ambient;          // global ambient light - always on
Light    light[MLIGHTS];   // static lights
bool     lightOn[MLIGHTS]; // switches for static lights
Material material;         // material reflectivity
// Geometry
float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
float4x4 world;            // world transformation
float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
// Lit Vertex
bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit

vertexShader.hlsl - vertexShader()

// vertexShader receives a raw vertex and returns the transformed vertex
//
TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {

    TransformedVertex transformed;
    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space

    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
    //
    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
    //
    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip

    // not working
    if (litVertex) {
          transformed.colour.r = raw.normal.r;
          transformed.colour.g = raw.normal.g;
          transformed.colour.b = raw.normal.b;
          transformed.colour.a = 1.0f;
    }
    else {

    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
    // needs to be normalized.
    //
    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
   
    // Determine the colour of the vertex from each light in turn
    //
    // Use the cosine of the angle between the worldNormal and the direction
    // of the light to determine the amount of reflected light. The cosine
    // is given by the dot product, if both vectors have been normalized. If
    // the cosine is less than 0, the angle is greater than 90 degrees and
    // no light is reflected.  Use saturate() to implement this condition.
    //
    // A more efficient algorithm would supply the light direction already
    // converted to the local space of the vertex (by using the inverse of
    // the world transformation).
    //
   
    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
    float3 lightDirection, camera = normalize(heading);
    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
   
    for (int i = 0; i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
        if (lightOn[i]) {
            lightDirection = - normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
             float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y, worldPosition.z) -
             light[i].position : light[i].direction);
            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(worldNormal, lightDirection));
            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
             worldNormal - lightDirection), camera));
            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
            spotFactor = 1.0f;
           
            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
             light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
                distance = length((float3)worldPosition - light[i].position);
                if (distance < light[i].range) {
                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
                         float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y,
                         worldPosition.z)),
                         normalize(-light[i].direction)));
                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
                            spotFactor = pow(
                             abs((rho - light[i].spot.x)/
                             (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
                             light[i].spot.z);
                    }
                }
                else
                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
            }

            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
            //
            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
             light[i].ambient.xyz;
            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
             light[i].diffuse.xyz;
            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
             light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
        }
    }
   
    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
    // to obtain the colour of the lit vertex
    //
    transformed.colour.xyz =
     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
    
    // pass the diffuse alpha along as the alpha component
    //
    transformed.colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
    }

    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
    //
    transformed.texCoord0 = raw.texCoord;
    transformed.texCoord1 = raw.texCoord;

    return transformed;
}

Fragment Shader

Host

APIPlatformSettings.h

#define FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE        L"fragmentShader.hlsl"
#define FRAGMENT_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "fragmentShader"

APIBase.h

    // Fragment Shader Support
    static IDirect3DPixelShader9* fragmentShader; // fragment shader
    static ID3DXConstantTable*    uniformFS;      // for fragment shader

APIBase.cpp

IDirect3DPixelShader9*  APIBase::fragmentShader = nullptr; // fragment shader
ID3DXConstantTable*     APIBase::uniformFS      = nullptr; // for fragment shader

APIDisplay.cpp - setup()

    LPD3DXBUFFER compiledCodeFS = nullptr;

    // checks for minimum pixel shader version required
    else if (caps.PixelShaderVersion < D3DPS_VERSION(3,0))
        error(L"Display::10 Device does not support pixel shader 3_0");

    // compile the fragment shader source code
    else if (FAILED(D3DXCompileShaderFromFile(FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE, NULL,
     NULL, FRAGMENT_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT, D3DXGetPixelShaderProfile(d3dd), 0,
     &compiledCodeFS, NULL, &uniformFS))) {
        release();
        error(L"APIDisplay::15 Unable to compile the fragment shader code");
    }
    // create the pixel shader object
    else if (FAILED(d3dd->CreatePixelShader(
     (DWORD*)compiledCodeFS->GetBufferPointer(), &fragmentShader))) {
        compiledCodeFS->Release();
        release();
        error(L"APIDisplay::16 Unable to create fragment shader object");
    }
    else {
        compiledCodeFS->Release();

D3DXCompileShaderFromFile()

D3DXGetPixelShaderProfile()

IDirect3DDevice9::CreatePixelShader()

        d3dd->SetPixelShader(fragmentShader);

IDirect3DDevice9::SetPixelShader()

APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame()

        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "ambient", (FLOAT*)&colour, 4);
        uniformFS->SetInt(d3dd, "noLights", 4);

ID3DXConstantTable::SetFloatArray()

ID3DXConstantTable::SetInt()

APIDisplay.cpp - set()

                uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, "lighting", b);

ID3DXConstantTable::SetBool()

APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity()

        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient",  (FLOAT*)&r.ambient, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse",  (FLOAT*)&r.diffuse, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&r.specular, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloat     (d3dd, "material.power",    (FLOAT)r.power);

APIDisplay.cpp - release()

    }
    if (uniformFS) {
        uniformFS->Release();
        uniformFS = nullptr;
    }
    if (fragmentShader) {
        fragmentShader->Release();
        fragmentShader = nullptr;
    }

APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh::draw()

            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&ambient[i], 4);
            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&diffuse[i], 4);
            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&specular[i], 4);
            uniformFS->SetFloat(d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)power[i]);

ID3DXConstantTable::SetFloat()

APILight.cpp - setup()

        uniformFS->SetInt(d3dd, typ, type);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, amb, (FLOAT*)&ambient, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dif, (FLOAT*)&diffuse, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spe, (FLOAT*)&specular, 4);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, att, (FLOAT*)&attenuation, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spt, (FLOAT*)&spot, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloat(d3dd, ran, range);

APILight.cpp - turnOn()

        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);

        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);

APILight.cpp - update()

        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);

APILight.cpp - turnOff()

        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, false);

APITexture.cpp - attach()

        char str[] = "texOn";
        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, str, true);

APITexture.cpp - detach()

        char str[] = "texOn";
        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, str, false);

Device

vertexShader.hlsl - Constant Memory

// Types
//
// RawVertex holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
//
struct RawVertex {

    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
};

// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for the vertex
//
struct TransformedVertex {

    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
    float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;  // position in world space
    float3 worldNor : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
};

// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
//
// Geometry
float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
float4x4 world;            // world transformation
float3   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
// Lit Vertex
bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit

vertexShader.hlsl - vertexShader()

// vertexShader receives a raw data for a vertex and transforms that data
//
TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {

    TransformedVertex transformed;    // result returned by this function
    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space

    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
    //
    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
    //
    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
    transformed.worldPos = worldPosition.xyz;

    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
    // needs to be normalized.
    //
    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
    transformed.worldNor = worldNormal;
   
    // Determine the direction from the camera's viewpoint to this vertex for
    // subsequent lighting calculations
    //
    transformed.toViewer = normalize(viewPoint - worldPosition.xyz);
   
    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
    //
    transformed.texCoord = raw.texCoord;

    return transformed;
}

fragmentShader.hlsl - Constant Memory

#define MLIGHTS 4
#define MTEXTURES 2
#define POINT_LIGHT       0
#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2

// Types
//
// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
//
struct Light {
    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
    float4 ambient;    
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float3 direction;   // in world space
    float3 position;    // in world space
    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
};

// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
//
struct Material {
    float4 ambient;
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float  power;
};

// RawPixel holds the data for a single fragment of the stream
//
struct RawPixel {
    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
    float3 position : TEXCOORD1;  // fragment position in world space
    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
};

// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
//
float4 ambient;           // global ambient light - always on
int    noLights;          // no of active lights
Light  light[MLIGHTS];    // static lights
bool   lightOn[MLIGHTS];  // light switch
Material material;        // material reflectivity
bool   lighting;          // lighting calculations on?

bool    texOn; // texture switch
sampler2D tex; // set by the application

fragmentShader.hlsl - fragmentShader()

// The fragment shader receives raw fragment data and returns a pixel colour
//
float4 fragmentShader(RawPixel raw) : COLOR {

    float4 colour;          // result returned by this function
    float3 normal;          // normal to the fragment
    float3 toViewer;        // from fragment to the camera
    float3 toLightSource;   // from fragment to current light source
   
    // lighting contribution accumulators
    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
    // lighting calculation factors
    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
   
    // normalize the fragment data
    normal   = normalize(raw.normal);
    toViewer = normalize(raw.toViewer);
   
    // perform calculations for each light in turn
    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
        if (lightOn[i]) {
            float diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, factor;
            // diffuse and reflection factors
            toLightSource = normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
                light[i].position - raw.position : - light[i].direction);
            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
                normal - toLightSource), toViewer));

            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
            spotFactor = 1.0f;
           
            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
                light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
                distance = length(raw.position - light[i].position);
                if (distance < light[i].range) {
                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
                        light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
                        light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
                            float3(raw.position.x, raw.position.y,
                            raw.position.z)),
                            normalize(-light[i].direction)));
                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
                            spotFactor = pow(abs(
                                (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
                                (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
                                light[i].spot.z);
                    }
                }
                else
                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
            }

            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
            //
            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
                light[i].ambient.xyz;
            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
                light[i].diffuse.xyz;
            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
                light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
        }
   
        // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
        // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
        //
        colour.xyz =
         saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
         saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
         saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
        colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
    }

    // apply texture
    //
    if (texOn)
        colour *= tex2D(tex, raw.texcoord);

    return colour;
}

To Do

reorganize framework code so that vertex shader receives product of world, view, and projection matrices
- store viewProjection matrix as an instance variable in APIDisplay
- pre-multiply viewProjection by world to obtain composite matrix to pass to vertex shader
- add composite matrix to the constant table in the vertex shader
reorganize framework code to minimize duplication of heading normalization
- perform normalization of heading in APIDisplay::beginDrawFrame()

Resources

Week 7 - Feb 20

This Week

Effects Framework
- techniques
passes
Source Code

APIBase.h

    static ID3DXEffect*           effect;         // points to effects framework

APIBase.cpp

ID3DXEffect*            APIBase::effect         = nullptr; // effects framework

APIDisplay.h

    // Effects Framework handles
    D3DXHANDLE   viewProjection;   // view * projection
    D3DXHANDLE   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint
    D3DXHANDLE   ambient;          // global ambient color
    D3DXHANDLE   ambientHandle;    // current ambient reflectivity
    D3DXHANDLE   diffuseHandle;    // current diffuse reflectivity
    D3DXHANDLE   specularHandle;   // current specular reflectivity
    D3DXHANDLE   powerHandle;      // current shininess coefficient
    D3DXHANDLE   worldHandle;      // current world transformation

    void beginEffect(const char*, unsigned&);
    void beginPass(unsigned);
    void endPass();
    void endEffect();

APIDisplay.cpp - APIDisplay()

    viewProjection = nullptr;
    viewPoint      = nullptr;
    ambient        = nullptr;
    ambientHandle  = nullptr;
    diffuseHandle  = nullptr;
    specularHandle = nullptr;
    powerHandle    = nullptr;
    worldHandle    = nullptr;

APIDisplay.cpp - setup()

    LPD3DXBUFFER errorBuffer = NULL;

    // create the effects framework
    else if (FAILED(D3DXCreateEffectFromFile(d3dd, EFFECT_FILE, 0,
     0, D3DXSHADER_DEBUG, 0, &effect, &errorBuffer))) {
        release();
        error(L"APIDisplay::17 Unable to create the effects framework");
    }

D3DXCreateEffectFromFile()

        if (errorBuffer) errorBuffer->Release();
        viewProjection = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "viewProjection");
        viewPoint      = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "viewPoint");
        ambient        = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "ambient");
        worldHandle    = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "world");
        ambientHandle  = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.ambient");
        diffuseHandle  = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.diffuse");
        specularHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.specular");
        powerHandle    = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.power");

GetParameterByName()

APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame()

    Matrix& v = *((Matrix*)view);
    Matrix viewprojection = v * projection;
    Vector heading(v.m13, v.m23, v.m33);
    effect->SetMatrix(viewProjection, (D3DXMATRIX*)&viewprojection);
    effect->SetVector(viewPoint,      (D3DXVECTOR4*)&heading);

SetMatrix()

SetVector()

        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
        effect->SetVector(ambient, (D3DXVECTOR4*)&colour);

APIDisplay.cpp - beginEffect()

void APIDisplay::beginEffect(const char* technique, unsigned& nPasses) {

    D3DXHANDLE techniqueHandle = effect->GetTechniqueByName(technique);
    effect->SetTechnique(techniqueHandle);
    effect->Begin(&nPasses, 0);
}

GetTechniqueByName()

SetTechnique()

Begin()

APIDisplay.cpp - beginPass()

void APIDisplay::beginPass(unsigned i) {

    effect->BeginPass(i);
}

BeginPass()

APIDisplay.cpp - endPass()

void APIDisplay::endPass() {

    effect->EndPass();
}

EndPass()

APIDisplay.cpp - endEffect()

void APIDisplay::endEffect() {

    effect->End();
}

End()

APIDisplay.cpp - setWorld()

        effect->SetMatrix(worldHandle, (D3DXMATRIX*)world);

APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity()

        effect->SetVector(ambientHandle,  (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.ambient);
        effect->SetVector(diffuseHandle,  (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.diffuse);
        effect->SetVector(specularHandle, (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.specular);
        effect->SetFloat(powerHandle,     r.power);
        effect->CommitChanges();

CommitChanges()

APIDisplay.cpp - release()

    if (effect) {
        effect->Release();
        effect = NULL;
    }

effects.fx - Constant Memory

#define MLIGHTS 4
#define POINT_LIGHT       0
#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2

// Types
//
// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
//
struct Light {
    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
    float3 ambient;    
    float3 diffuse;
    float3 specular;
    float3 direction;   // in world space
    float3 position;    // in world space
    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
};

// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
//
struct Material {
    float4 ambient;
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float  power;
};

// RawPixel holds the data for a single fragment of the stream
//
struct RawPixel {
    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
    float3 position : TEXCOORD1;  // fragment position in world space
    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
};

// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
//
float4 ambient;           // global ambient light - always on
int    noLights;          // no of static lights
Light  light[MLIGHTS];    // static lights
bool   lightOn[MLIGHTS];  // light switch
Material material;        // material reflectivity

bool    texOn; // texture switch
sampler2D tex; // set by the application

// Types
//
// RawVertex holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
//
struct RawVertex {

    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
};

// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for the vertex
//
struct TransformedVertex {

    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
    float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;  // position in world space
    float3 worldNor : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
};

// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
//
// Geometry
float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
float4x4 world;            // world transformation
float4   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
// Geometry
float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
// Lit Vertex
bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit

effects.fx - VertexShader

// vertexShader receives a raw data for a vertex and transforms that data
//
TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {

    TransformedVertex transformed;    // result returned by this function
    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space

    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
    //
    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
    //
    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
    transformed.worldPos = worldPosition.xyz;

    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
    // needs to be normalized.
    //
    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
    transformed.worldNor = worldNormal;
   
    // Determine the direction from the camera's viewpoint to this vertex for
    // subsequent lighting calculations
    //
    transformed.toViewer = normalize(viewPoint - worldPosition.xyz);
   
    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
    //
    transformed.texCoord = raw.texCoord;

    return transformed;
}

effects.fx - FragmentShader

// The fragment shader receives raw fragment data and returns a pixel colour
//
float4 fragmentShader(RawPixel raw) : COLOR {

    float4 colour;          // result returned by this function
    float3 normal;          // normal to the fragment
    float3 toViewer;        // from fragment to the camera
    float3 toLightSource;   // from fragment to current light source
   
    // lighting contribution accumulators
    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
    // lighting calculation factors
    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
   
    // normalize the fragment data
    normal   = normalize(raw.normal);
    toViewer = normalize(raw.toViewer);
   
    // perform calculations for each light in turn
    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
        if (lightOn[i]) {
            float diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, factor;
            // diffuse and reflection factors
            toLightSource = normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
             light[i].position - raw.position : - light[i].direction);
            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
             normal - toLightSource), toViewer));

            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
            spotFactor = 1.0f;
           
            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
             light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
                distance = length(raw.position - light[i].position);
                if (distance < light[i].range) {
                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
                         float3(raw.position.x, raw.position.y,
                         raw.position.z)),
                         normalize(-light[i].direction)));
                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
                            spotFactor = pow(abs(
                             (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
                             (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
                             light[i].spot.z);
                    }
                }
                else
                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
            }

            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
            //
            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
             light[i].ambient.xyz;
            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
             light[i].diffuse.xyz;
            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
             light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
        }
    }
   
    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
    // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
    //
    colour.xyz =
     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
    colour.w = material.diffuse.w;

    // apply texture
    //
    if (texOn)
        colour *= tex2D(tex, raw.texcoord);

    return colour;
}

effects.fx - technique opaque

technique opaque {
   
    pass {
        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 vertexShader();
        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 fragmentShader();
    }
}

effects.fx - technique translucent

technique translucent {
       
    pass {
        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 vertexShader();
        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 fragmentShader();
    }
}

To Do

Resources

Week 8 - Mar 4

This Week

Frank Luna's notes for DirectX10 (page 306)

Environment Maps(Google books)

Environment Maps(Seneca ELibraray)

Design.cpp

Design::initialize() - create the skybox object

// initialize initializes the general display design coordinator, creates the
// primitive sets, textures, objects, lights, sounds, cameras, and text items
//
void Design::initialize() {

    // ...

    // create textures
    iTexture* sunset   = CreateCubeTexture(L"Islands.dds");

    // ...

    iObject* skybox = CreateSkybox();
    skybox->rotatex(-1.5708f);
    skybox->attach(sunset);
    setSkybox(skybox);

    // ...
}

Coordinator.cpp

Coordinator::render() - using different techniques for different objects

void Coordinator::render() {

    // adjust framecount and fps
    if (now - lastReset <= unitsPerSec)
        framecount++;
    else {
        // recalculate the frame rate
        fps        = framecount * unitsPerSec / (now - lastReset);
        framecount = 0;
        lastReset  = now;
        if (timerText) {
            wchar_t str[MAX_DESC + 1];
            sprintf(str, fps, L" fps");
            timerText->set(str);
        }
    }
    // update the user input devices
    userInput->update();
    Coordinator::update();
    // update the model
    update();
    // update the audio
    audio->setVolume(volume);
    audio->setFrequencyRatio(frequency);
    audio->update(Camera::getView());

    // start rendering
    display->beginDrawFrame(Camera::getView());
    display->setAmbientLight(ambient.r, ambient.g, ambient.b);
    unsigned nPasses;
    // render all of the opaque unlit objects
    display->beginEffect("opaque", nPasses);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
        display->beginPass(i);
        render(OPAQUE_OBJECT);
        display->endPass();
    }
    display->endEffect();
    // render all of the translucent unlit objects
    display->beginEffect("translucent", nPasses);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
        display->beginPass(i);
        render(TRANSLUCENT_OBJECT);
        display->endPass();
    }
    display->endEffect();
    // render all of the lit objects
    display->beginEffect("litObjects", nPasses);
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
        display->beginPass(i);
        render(LIT_OBJECT);
        display->endPass();
    }
    display->endEffect();
    //  render the skybox
    display->beginEffect("skybox", nPasses);
    if (background && !skybox) {
        Rectf fullScreen(0, 0, 1, 1);
        display->beginDrawHUD(0);
        background->render(fullScreen, true);
        display->endDrawHUD();
    }
    else if (skybox) {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
            display->beginPass(i);
            render(SKYBOX);
            display->endPass();
        }
    }
    display->endEffect();
    display->set(ALPHA_BLEND, false);
    display->beginDrawHUD(HUD_ALPHA);
    render(ALL_HUDS);
    display->endDrawHUD();
    display->endDrawFrame();
    render(ALL_SOUNDS);
}

Coordinator::render(iObject*) - render a single object one subset at a time

void Coordinator::render(iObject* object) {

    display->setWorld(&object->world());
    unsigned nSubsets = object->noSubsets();
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
        iTexture* texture = object->getTexture(i);
        if (texture) texture->attach();
        display->setReflectivity(object->getReflectivity(i));
        object->render(i);
        if (texture) texture->detach();
    }
}

Skybox class

iObject interface - CreateSkybox declaration

class iObject : public Shape, public Base {
  public:
    // initialization
    virtual void        attach(iTexture* t)                  = 0;
    virtual void        attach(iTexture** t)                 = 0;
    // execution
    virtual unsigned    noSubsets() const                    = 0;
    virtual void        render(unsigned)                     = 0;
    virtual void        setTextureFilter(unsigned)           = 0;
    virtual iTexture*   getTexture(unsigned) const           = 0;
    virtual const void* getReflectivity(unsigned) const      = 0;
    virtual bool        belongsTo(Category category) const   = 0;
};

iObject* CreateObject(iGraphic*, const Reflectivity* = nullptr, unsigned = 1u);
iObject* CreateBillboard(BillboardType, iGraphic*,
 const Reflectivity* = nullptr);
iObject* CreateSkybox();

iObject* Clone(const iObject*);

Skybox class - derived from Object

//-------------------------------- Skybox -------------------------------------
//
// A Skybox is an inverted Object that translates with the viewpoint
//
class Skybox : public Object {

public:
    Skybox();
    void render(unsigned);
};

CreateSkybox

iObject* CreateSkybox() {

    return new Skybox();
}

Skybox::Skybox - SKYBOX category, 2 x 2 x 2 cube

Skybox::Skybox() : Object(SKYBOX, CreateIBox(-1, -1, -1 * MODEL_Z_AXIS, 1, 1,
 1 * MODEL_Z_AXIS)) {
}

Skybox::render(unsigned) - move skybox centroid to current camera position

void Skybox::render(unsigned) {

    Camera* camera = *(Camera**)(Camera::getCurrent());
    Vector disp = camera->position() - position();
    translate(disp.x, disp.y, disp.z);

    Object::render(0);
}

Texture class

iTexture interface - CreateCubeTexture declaration

class iTexture : public Base {
  public:
    virtual void attach() const                                        = 0;
    virtual void setFilter(unsigned) const                             = 0;
    virtual void detach()                                              = 0;
    virtual void render(const Rectf&, bool = false)                    = 0;
};

iTexture* CreateTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0);
iTexture* CreateCubeTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0);

iTexture* Clone(const iTexture*);

Texture class - add the cube parameter to constructor

class Texture : public iTexture {

    iAPITexture* apiTexture;   // points to the api texture

    Texture(const Texture&);
    virtual ~Texture();

  public:
    Texture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0, bool cube = false);
    Texture& operator=(const Texture&);
    void* clone() const { return new Texture(*this); }
    // execution
    void attach() const;
    void setFilter(unsigned) const;
    void detach();
    void render(const Rectf&, bool);
    // termination
    void suspend();
    void release();
};

CreateCubeTexture - call constructor with true flag for cube

iTexture* CreateCubeTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter) {

    return new Texture(file, filter, true);
}

Texture::Texture() - create APICubeTexture()

Texture::Texture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter, bool cube) {

    coordinator->add(this);

    wchar_t* fileWithPath = nullptr;
    if (file) {
        // add the directory to create the relative filename
        int len = strlen(file) + strlen(TEXTURE_DIRECTORY) + 1;
        fileWithPath = new wchar_t[len + 1];
        ::nameWithDir(fileWithPath, TEXTURE_DIRECTORY, file, len);
    }

    // apiTexture on the graphics device
    if (cube)
        apiTexture = CreateAPICubeTexture(fileWithPath);
    else
        apiTexture = CreateAPITexture(fileWithPath, filter);

    if (fileWithPath) delete [] fileWithPath;
}

iAPITexture interface - add CreateAPICubeTexture declaration

class iAPITexture {
  public:
    virtual iAPITexture* clone() const                                = 0;
    // execution
    virtual void attach()                                             = 0;
    virtual void setFilter(unsigned flags)                            = 0;
    virtual void detach()                                             = 0;
    virtual void render(const Rectf&, unsigned char, bool = false)    = 0;
    // termination
    virtual void suspend()                                            = 0;
    virtual void release()                                            = 0;
    virtual void Delete() const                                       = 0;
};

iAPITexture* CreateAPITexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter);
iAPITexture* CreateAPICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file);

APITexture.h

APICubeTexture class definition

class APICubeTexture : public iAPITexture, public APIBase {

    wchar_t*               file;   // points to file with texture image
    unsigned               filter; // default texture filtering flags

    IDirect3DCubeTexture9* tex;    // interface to texture COM object

    virtual ~APICubeTexture();

    void setup();

  public:
    APICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file);
    APICubeTexture(const APICubeTexture&);
    iAPITexture& operator=(const APICubeTexture&);
    iAPITexture* clone() const { return new APICubeTexture(*this); }
    // execution
    void   attach();
    void   setFilter(unsigned filter) {}
    void   detach();
    void   render(const Rectf&, unsigned char, bool) {}
    // suspension
    void   suspend();
    // termination
    void   release();
    void   Delete() const { delete this; }
};

IDirect3DCubeTexture9 interface

APICubeTexture class implementation

//-------------------------------- APICubeTexture -----------------------------
//
// The APICubeTexture class implements a texture at the API level
//
iAPITexture* CreateAPICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file) {

    return new APICubeTexture(file);
}

// constructor initializes the texture identifier
//
APICubeTexture::APICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file) {

    if (file) {
        int len = strlen(file);
        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
    }
    else
        this->file = nullptr;

    tex = nullptr;
}

APICubeTexture::APICubeTexture(const APICubeTexture& src) {

    file  = nullptr;
    tex   = nullptr;
    *this = src;   
}

iAPITexture& APICubeTexture::operator=(const APICubeTexture& src) {

    if (this != &src) {
        if (file)
            delete [] file;
        if (src.file) {
            int len = strlen(src.file);
            file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
            strcpy(file, src.file, len);
        }
        else
            file = nullptr;
        suspend();
        tex = nullptr;
    }

    return *this;
}

// setup creates the api texture from the texture file
//
void APICubeTexture::setup() {

    // create a texture COM object from the texture file
    //
    HRESULT hr;
    if (file && FAILED(hr = D3DXCreateCubeTextureFromFileEx(d3dd, file,
     0, D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT,
     D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, nullptr, nullptr, &tex))) {
        error(L"APICubeTexture::11 Failed to create texture COM object from file");
        tex = nullptr;
    }
}

// attach attaches the api texture to sampling stage i
//
void APICubeTexture::attach() {

    if (!tex) setup();

    if (tex)
        d3dd->SetTexture(0, tex);
}

// detach detaches the api texture from sampling stage 0
//
void APICubeTexture::detach() {

    if (tex)
        d3dd->SetTexture(0, nullptr);
}

// suspend releases the api texture
//
void APICubeTexture::suspend() {

    // release the Interface to the texture COM object
    if (tex) {
        tex->Release();
        tex = nullptr;
    }
}

// releases suspends the api texture
//
void APICubeTexture::release() {

    suspend();
}

// destructor releases the api texture
//
APICubeTexture::~APICubeTexture() {

   release();
}

D3DXCreateCubeTextureFromFileEx

effects.fx

vertex shader outpu structure

//-------------------------------- Skybox -------------------------------------
//
struct FS_Skybox {
    float4 pos : POSITION;
    float3 tex : TEXCOORD0;
};

vertex shader

FS_Skybox skyboxVertexShader(float3 pos : POSITION) {
    FS_Skybox output = (FS_Skybox) 0;
    output.pos = mul(float4(pos, 0), world);            // Note the 0, this so the skybox rotates, but without translation
    output.pos = mul(output.pos, viewProjection).xyww;  // The z coordinate is replaced by w, so that the point is always projected at infinity
    output.tex = pos.xzy;                               // Note that y and z are switched to match the texture coordinate system
    return output;
}

skybox sampler state

texture skyBox;
samplerCUBE skySampler = sampler_state {
    texture = <skyBox>;
    MagFilter = LINEAR;
    Minfilter = LINEAR;
    Mipfilter = LINEAR;
    AddressU = MIRROR;
    AddressV = MIRROR;
    AddressW = MIRROR;
};

fragment shader

float4 skyboxFragmentShader(FS_Skybox input) : COLOR0 {
    return texCUBE(skySampler, input.tex);
}

skybox technique

technique skybox {

    pass {
        AlphaBlendEnable = false;
        ZENABLE = true;
        ZWRITEENABLE = false;    // By not storing the skybox's z-buffer value, it enables objects behind the skybox to be drawn, giving a realist look (e.g. an airplane in the distance)
        CullMode = None;
        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 skyboxVertexShader();
        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 skyboxFragmentShader();
    }
}

To Do

Resources

Week 9 - Mar 11

This Week

Mathematics of Lighting
Lighting in Vertex Shaders
- Notation
  G_a - global ambient color
  
  C_a - material ambient color
  
  C_d - material diffuse color
  
  C_s - material specular color
  
  L_{a_i} - ambient color of light i
  
  L_{d_i} - diffuse color of light i
  
  L_{s_i} - specular color of light i
  
  L_{dir_i} - direction vector of light i
  
  N - normal to the surface at the vertex
  - Attenuation and Spotlight Factors
    - Atten_i - attenuation of light i
    d_i - distance from light i
    d_i = |L_{dir_i}|
    
    a₀ - constant attenuation factor
    
    a₁ - linear attenuation factor
    
    a₂ - quadratic attenuation factor
    
    Atten_i = 1/(a₀ + a₁ d_i + a₂ d_i²)
    
    Atten_i = [0, 1]
    - Spot_i - spot factor of light i
    Spot_i = {[r_i - cos(phi_i/2)]/[cos(theta_i/2) - cos(phi_i/2)]}^f_i
    
    r_i - cosine of angle from axis of spotlight_i
    r_i = norm(- light direction in camera space) . norm(L_{dir_i})
    
    phi_i - penumbra (exterior cone) angle of spotlight_i
    
    theta_i - umbra (interior cone) angle of spotlight_i
    
    f_i - falloff factor of spotlight_i
- Blinn-Phong and Phong
  V - viewpoint vector
  V = norm(Camera_position - Vertex_position)
- Phong - account accurately for position of viewer
  Specular reflectance = (R_i . V)^p_i
  
  R_i - reflection vector
  R_i = 2 * (N . L_{dir_i}) N - L_{dir_i}
  
  p_i - true specular power of light i
- Blinn-Phong - use halfway vector instead of reflection vector - adjust power to compensate
  Specular reflectance = (N . H_i)^p'_i
  
  H_i - halfway vector
  H_i = norm(V + L_{dir_i})
  
  H_i = norm([0,0,1] + L_{dir_i}) - less computationally intensive - assumes that camera is at infinity along z axis
  
  p'_i - adjusted specular power of light i
- Ambient
  C_a * ( G_a + sum [L_{a_i} * Atten_i * Spot_i] )
- Diffuse
  C_d * sum [ L_{d_i} * (N . L_{dir_i}) * Atten_i * Spot_i ]
- Specular
  C_s * sum [ L_{s_i} * (N . H_i)^p'_i * Atten_i * Spot_i ] - Blinn-Phong
  
  C_s * sum [ L_{s_i} * (R_i . V)^p_i * Atten_i * Spot_i ] - Phong
- HLSL Intrinsic Functions
  - normalize() - normalize a vector
  - dot(,) - dot product of two vectors of any size
  - length() - length of a vector
  - saturate() - clamp scalar, vector, or matrix to [0, 1]
effects.fx - for unlit vertices and fragments

Uniform data

#define MLIGHTS 4
#define POINT_LIGHT       0
#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2

// Types
//
// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
//
struct Light {
    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
    float3 ambient;    
    float3 diffuse;
    float3 specular;
    float3 direction;   // in world space
    float3 position;    // in world space
    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
};

// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
//
struct Material {
    float4 ambient;
    float4 diffuse;
    float4 specular;
    float  power;
};

// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
//
// Geometry
float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
float4x4 world;            // world transformation
float4   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
int      noLights;         // no of static lights
Light    light[MLIGHTS];   // static lights
bool     lightOn[MLIGHTS]; // light switch

// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
//
float4   ambient;          // global ambient light - always on
Material material;         // material reflectivity

bool     texOn; // texture switch
texture texMap;
sampler2D tex = sampler_state {
    texture = <texMap>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = MIRROR;
    AddressV = MIRROR;
};

Varying Data - simple unlit objects

//-------------------------------- Simple Unlit Objects -----------------------
//
// UnlitInput holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
//
struct UnlitVSInput {

    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
};

// UnlitOutput holds the transformed data for the vertex
//
struct UnlitVSOutput {

    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD1;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD2;  // direction to viewer in world space
    float3 toLight[MLIGHTS] : TEXCOORD3; // light vector
};

// UnlitFSInput holds the input data for a single fragment of the stream
//
struct UnlitFSInput {
    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD1;  // lighting normal in world space
    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD2;  // direction to viewer in world space
    float3 toLight[MLIGHTS] : TEXCOORD3; // direction from fragment to light i
};

Vertex Shader

// unlitVShader transforms vertex and lighting data for simple unlit objects
//
UnlitVSOutput unlitVShader(UnlitVSInput input) {

    UnlitVSOutput output; // result returned by this function

    // Transform the vertex coordinates to homogeneous clip coordinates
    //
    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
    //
    output.position = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
    output.position = mul(output.position, viewProjection);    //... to clip
   
    // Determine the vector from this vertex to the viewer
    output.toViewer = viewPoint.xyz - input.position;

    // Determine the vector from this vertex to light source i in local space
    // (assumes that light position and direction are specified in local space)
    for (int i = 0; i < noLights; i++)
        if (light[i].type == DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT)
            output.toLight[i] = - light[i].direction;
        else
            output.toLight[i] = light[i].position - input.position;
   
    // pass the normal and texture coordinates along unaltered
    //
    output.normal   = input.normal;
    output.texCoord = input.texCoord;

    return output;
}

Fragment Shader

// This fragment shader processes lighting for noLights lights in object space
// and returns a pixel colour
//
float4 unlitFShader(UnlitFSInput input) : COLOR {

    float4 output;        // result returned by this function
    float3 normal;        // normal to the fragment
    float3 toViewer;      // from fragment to the camera
    float3 toLightSource; // from fragment to current light source
   
    // lighting contribution accumulators
    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
    // lighting calculation factors
    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance, factor;
    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
   
    // normalize the fragment input
    normal   = normalize(input.normal);
    toViewer = normalize(input.toViewer);
   
    // perform calculations for each light in turn
    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
        if (lightOn[i]) {
            // diffuse and reflection factors
            toLightSource = normalize(input.toLight[i]);
            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
             normal - toLightSource), toViewer));

            // attenuation
            if (light[i].type != DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT) {
                distance = length(input.toLight[i]);
                if (distance < light[i].range) {
                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
                }
                else
                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
            }
            else
                attenuationFactor = 1.0f;

            // spot
            if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
                rho = saturate(dot(toLightSource,
                    normalize(-light[i].direction)));
                if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
                    spotFactor = 0.0f;
                else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
                    spotFactor = pow(abs(
                        (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
                        (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
                        light[i].spot.z);
                else
                    spotFactor = 1.0f;
            }
            else
                spotFactor = 1.0;

            factor = attenuationFactor * spotFactor;

            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light i
            ambientLight  += factor * light[i].ambient.xyz;
            diffuseLight  += factor * diffuseFactor * light[i].diffuse.xyz;
            specularLight += factor * light[i].specular.xyz *
             pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
        }
    }
   
    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
    // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
    //
    output.xyz =
     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
    output.w = material.diffuse.w;

    // sample the texture
    //
    if (texOn)
        output *= tex2D(tex, input.texCoord);

    return output;
}

techniques - opaque and translucent

technique opaque {
   
    pass {
        AlphaBlendEnable = false;
        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 unlitVShader();
        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 unlitFShader();
    }
}

technique translucent {
       
    pass {
        AlphaBlendEnable = true;
        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 unlitVShader();
        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 unlitFShader();
    }
}

To Do

Resources

Week 10 - Mar 18

This Week

Texturing - Identification

connection between Design.cpp and effects.fx

- iTexture.h

add texture and texture state identifier

iTexture* CreateTexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
 const char* isOn);

- Texture.h

    Texture(const wchar_t*, const char*, const char*);

- Texture.cpp

// constructor initializes the texture identifier
//
Texture::Texture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
 const char* isOn) : filter(0u) {

    if (file) {
        int len = strlen(file);
        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
    }
    else
        this->file = nullptr;

    tex    = nullptr;
    #if   PIPELINE == FIXED_FUNCTION
    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE
    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE_EFFECT
    textureHandle   = effect->GetParameterByName(0, str);
    textureonHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, isOn);
    #endif
}

        effect->SetTexture(textureHandle, tex);
        effect->SetBool(textureonHandle, true);

- iAPITexture.h

add texture and texture state identifier

iAPITexture* CreateAPITexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
 const char* isOn);

- APITexture.h

    D3DXHANDLE textureHandle;   // points to texture
    D3DXHANDLE textureonHandle; // points to texture on status
public:
    APITexture(const wchar_t*, const char*, const char*);

- APITexture.cpp

// constructor initializes the texture identifier
//
APITexture::APITexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
 const char* isOn, AddressMode m) : filter(0u), mode(m) {

    if (file) {
        int len = strlen(file);
        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
    }
    else
        this->file = nullptr;

    tex    = nullptr;
    target = nullptr;
    #if   PIPELINE == FIXED_FUNCTION
    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE
    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE_EFFECT
    textureHandle   = effect->GetParameterByName(0, str);
    textureonHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, isOn);
    #endif
}

        effect->SetTexture(textureHandle, tex);
        effect->SetBool(textureonHandle, true);

Texturing - Tiling

Texture Coordinates

- iGraphic.h

add u v parameters, both of which default to 1

iGraphic* CreateBox(float, float, float, float, float, float,
 float = 1, float = 1);
iGraphic* CreateIBox(float, float, float, float, float, float,
 float = 1, float = 1);
iGraphic* CreateRectangleList(float, float, float, float,
 float = 1, float = 1);
iGraphic* CreateIRectangleList(float, float, float, float,
 float = 1, float = 1);
iGraphic* CreateMeshBox(float, float, float, float, float,
 float, float = 1, float = 1);

- Graphic.cpp

extend add functions to include u v parameters

//-------------------------------- Graphic Structures -------------------------
//
// prototypes for add() function used by the Create...() functions
void add(VertexList<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&, 
 const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);
void add(IndexedList<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&,
 const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);
void add(CustomMesh<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&,
 const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);

// CreateBox builds a triangle vertex list for a brick-like box from two
// extreme points one face at a time with all faces having the same attributes
//
iGraphic* CreateBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
 float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {
   
    VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList =
     (VertexList<Vertex>*)CreateVertexList<Vertex>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 12);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2;
    float y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
    float z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    minz -= z;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    maxz -= z;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
    vertexList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // locate centroid at origin
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
    add(vertexList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
    add(vertexList, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
    add(vertexList, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
    add(vertexList, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
    add(vertexList, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
    add(vertexList, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top

    return vertexList;
}

iGraphic* CreateIBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
 float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {
   
    IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<Vertex>*)
     CreateIndexedList<Vertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 12);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2;
    float y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
    float z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    minz -= z;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    maxz -= z;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // locate centroid at origin
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
    add(indexedList, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
    add(indexedList, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
    add(indexedList, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
    add(indexedList, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
    add(indexedList, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top

    return indexedList;
}

// CreateRectangleList builds a triangle list in the x-y plane from its two
// extreme points
//
iGraphic* CreateRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
 float u, float v) {
   
    VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList =
     (VertexList<Vertex>*)CreateVertexList<Vertex>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    vertexList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // locate centroid at origin
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
    add(vertexList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
   
    return vertexList;
}

// CreateIRectangleList builds an indexed triangle list in the x-y plane from
// its two extreme points
//
iGraphic* CreateIRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
 float u, float v) {
   
    IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<Vertex>*)
     CreateIndexedList<Vertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // locate centroid at origin
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
   
    return indexedList;
}

// CreateIRectangleList builds an indexed triangle list in the x-y plane from
// its two extreme points
//
iGraphic* CreateBRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
 float u, float v) {
   
    IndexedList<BumpVertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<BumpVertex>*)
     CreateIndexedList<BumpVertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // locate centroid at origin
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
   
    return indexedList;
}

// CreateMeshBox builds a mesh for a brick-like box from two extreme points one
// face at a time with each faces having distinct attributes
//
iGraphic* CreateMeshBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
 float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {

    unsigned attribute[] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5};

    CustomMesh<>* mesh = (CustomMesh<>*)
     CreateCustomMesh<Vertex, unsigned short>(attribute, 12, 36, 24, 6);

    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2, z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
    minx -= x;
    miny -= y;
    minz -= z;
    maxx -= x;
    maxy -= y;
    maxz -= z;
    // bounding sphere
    float max;
    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
    mesh->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
    // one face at a time
    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
    add(mesh, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
    add(mesh, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
    add(mesh, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
    add(mesh, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
    add(mesh, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
    add(mesh, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top

    return mesh;
}

void add(VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
 const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {

    vertexList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
    vertexList->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
    vertexList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
    vertexList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
    vertexList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
    vertexList->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
}

void add(IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
 const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {

    unsigned v1 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
    unsigned v2 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
    unsigned v3 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
    unsigned v4 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
    indexedList->add(v1);
    indexedList->add(v2);
    indexedList->add(v3);
    indexedList->add(v1);
    indexedList->add(v3);
    indexedList->add(v4);
}

void add(CustomMesh<Vertex>* mesh, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
 const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {

    unsigned v1 = mesh->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
    unsigned v2 = mesh->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
    unsigned v3 = mesh->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
    unsigned v4 = mesh->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
    mesh->add(v1);
    mesh->add(v2);
    mesh->add(v3);
    mesh->add(v1);
    mesh->add(v3);
    mesh->add(v4);
}

Texturing - Address Modes

Direct3D9 Addressing Modes

- APITexture.h

    D3DXHANDLE textureMode;     // points to texture mode

- APITexture.cpp

        effect->SetInt(textureMode, (int)mode);

- effects.fx - uniform variables

// Addressing Modes
#define TEX_WRAP          0
#define TEX_CLAMP         1
#define TEX_MIRROR        2

//...

bool     tex_1_On;       // texture switch
int      tex_mode;       // addressing mode
texture  tex_1;

sampler2D tex_1_ww = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_1>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = WRAP;
    AddressV = WRAP;
};

sampler2D tex_1_mm = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_1>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = MIRROR;
    AddressV = MIRROR;
};

sampler2D tex_1_cc = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_1>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = CLAMP;
    AddressV = CLAMP;
};

- effects.fx - fragment shader

    // sample the texture
    //
    if (tex_1_On) {
        if (tex_mode == TEX_CLAMP)
            output *= tex2D(tex_1_cc, input.texCoord);
        else if (tex_mode == TEX_WRAP)
            output *= tex2D(tex_1_ww, input.texCoord);
        else if (tex_mode == TEX_MIRROR)
            output *= tex2D(tex_1_mm, input.texCoord);
    }

Texturing - Multi-Texturing
- effects.fx - uniform variables

bool     tex_2_On;       // texture switch
texture  tex_2;

sampler2D tex_2_ww = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_2>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = WRAP;
    AddressV = WRAP;
};

sampler2D tex_2_mm = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_2>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = MIRROR;
    AddressV = MIRROR;
};

sampler2D tex_2_cc = sampler_state {
    texture = <tex_2>;
    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
    AddressU = CLAMP;
    AddressV = CLAMP;
};

- effects.fx - fragment shader

    if (tex_2_On) {
        if (tex_mode == TEX_CLAMP)
            output *= tex2D(tex_2_cc, input.texCoord);
        else if (tex_mode == TEX_WRAP)
            output *= tex2D(tex_2_ww, input.texCoord);
        else if (tex_mode == TEX_MIRROR)
            output *= tex2D(tex_2_mm, input.texCoord);
    }

To Do

Resources

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 * Assignment Discussion
 * Suggested Enhancements
-* Relative Reference Frames
+* Review of the Base Code
-** Recursive calls
+** Definition of a Framework
-**: Vector Frame::position()
+*** Modularity through stable interfaces
-**: Matrix Frame::rotation()
+*** Re-usability through generic components
-**: Matrix Frame::world()
+*** Extensibility through hook methods
-** Detaching from and attaching to a parent frame
+*** Inversion of control - determines which application methods to invoke in response to external events
-**: Frame::attachTo()
+** Framework Architecture
-* Visibility Determination
+*** Modelling Layer
-** Plane
+*** API Translation Layer
-**: normal + constant - examples
+** Notable Features of the Base Code
-**: equation of a plane: dot(n, x) + D = 0
+** camera, sound, and light are also derived from the Frame class
-**: positive side of a plane dot(n, x) + D > 0
+** textures attach at the object level
-<!--
+** texture connection is uncoupled from drawing of the graphics primitives
-**: test a point for presence within a set of planes
+** reference frames are relative
-**: normal calculations - general rotation matrix - vector and angle
-* Review of base code
-** camera, sound, and light attachments now made at the Frame class
-** textures still attach at the object level
-** texture connection uncoupled from drawing
-** time tracking now within HUD class completely
-** introduction of relative reference frames
 ** very simple collision detection
-** ViewingFrustum
-**: parameters
-**:: near-clipping plane
-**:: far-clipping plane
-**:: field of view angle
-**:: aspect ratio
-**: 6 planes
-**:: near and far planes
-**:: left and right planes
-**:: top and bottom planes
-**: coding
-**:: constructor
-**:: ViewingFrustum::contains()
-* Finite Size of Objects
-*: Expansion of the Viewing Frustum
-*: Bounded Volume
-*:: BoundedVolume : Frame
-*:: BoundedVolume::setRadius()
-*:: BoundedVolume::getRadius()
--->
 === To Do ===
@@ Line 54: / Line 27: @@
 # add your name to the student list
 # create a team page that includes the semester number 20121
-## describe the game that you intend to develop
+#* describe the game that you intend to develop
-## list the topics of interest to your team in developing its game
+#* list the topics of interest to your team in developing its game
-## list the other topics of interest
+#* list the other topics of interest
 <!--
 # Port Game Design over to Update Base Code-->
 === Resources ===
-<!--
 == Week 2 - Jan 16 ==
@@ Line 67: / Line 40: @@
 === This Week ===
+* Relative Reference Frames
+** Recursive calls
+**: Vector Frame::position()
+**: Matrix Frame::rotation()
+**: Matrix Frame::world()
+** Detaching from and attaching to a parent frame
+**: Frame::attachTo()
+* Geometry
+** Plane
+**: normal + constant - examples
+**: equation of a plane: dot(n, x) + D = 0
+**: positive side of a plane dot(n, x) + D > 0
 * Collision Detection
 *: types of colliders
@@ Line 73: / Line 58: @@
 *:: axis-aligned bounding boxes
 *:: oriented bounding boxes
+=== To Do ===
+* Research the feature that you are going to add and prepare a plan of action
+* Prepare a team page for your team so that repos can be ordered
+* Add a section to your team page to track your project and solicit commentary
+=== Resources ===
+== Week 3 - Jan 23 ==
+=== This Week ===
+* Collision Detection (cont'd)
+*: Shape
+*:: Shape : Frame
+*:: Shape::setRadius()
+*:: Shape::getRadius()
+*:: Shape::setRadius(float r);
+*:: Shape::setRadius(float x, float y, float z);
+*:: Shape::getRadius() const { return radius; }
+*:: Shape::setPlane(Vector n, float d);
+*:: Shape::setAxisAligned(Vector min, Vector max);
 * Comprehensive Camerawork
 *: rotation about an axis
 *: order of rotation matters
 *: Euler angles
-*: gimble lock
+*:: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpSMNYTVqQI&feature=related 3-2-1 angles]
-*:: quaternions
+*: gimbal lock
-*:: geometric algebra (more abstract)
+*:: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrUCBOlJdt4&feature=related StephenSeefeld.net]
-* Billboards
+*: complex numbers
-*: definition, purpose of a billboard
+*:: solution of cubic equations 16th century
-*: types of billboards
+*:: two-dimensional representation
-* SkyBox
+*:: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number#Matrix_representation_of_complex_numbers matrix representation]
-*: definition of a skybox
+*: quaternions
-*: other forms
+*:: extension of complex numbers
+*:: four-dimensional representation
+*:: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion#Matrix_representations matrix representation]
+*: geometric algebra (more abstract)
+*:: [http://staff.science.uva.nl/~leo/cinderella/line1.html Dorst's site]
+*:: [http://sinai.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp/gcj/software/GAcindy-1.4/GAcindy.htm Hitzer's site]
+* Visibility Determination
+**: test a point for presence within a set of planes
+**: normal calculations - general rotation matrix - vector and angle
+** ViewFrustum
+**: parameter - view * projection
+**: 6 planes
+**:: near and far planes
+**:: left and right planes
+**:: top and bottom planes
+**: coding
+**:: constructor
+**:: ViewFrustum::contains()
+** Finite Size of Objects
+**: Expansion of the View Frustum
 * Index Buffers
 *: amount of storage needed for vertex data
@@ Line 91: / Line 115: @@
 *: indexing
 *: indexed primitives
+=== To Do ===
+=== Resources ===
+* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_number Wikipedia on Complex Numbers]
+* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion Wikipedia on Quaternions]
+* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial_rotation Wikipedia on quaternions and Spatial Rotations]
+* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Quaternion.html Wolfram on Quaternions]
+* [http://www.cprogramming.com/tutorial/3d/quaternions.html CProgramming.com on Quaternions]
+* [http://www.ogre3d.org/tikiwiki/Quaternion+and+Rotation+Primer Ogre intro on Quaternions]
+* collision sample
+* indexBuffering sample
+== Week 4 - Jan 30 ==
+=== This Week ===
 * Meshes
+*: What is a mesh?
+*:: vertex list -> vertex buffer
+*:: index list -> index buffer
+*:: attribute list -> subset to which primitives belong
+*:: pyramid sample
 *: Stock Objects
 *:: Sphere
+*::: slices and partitions
 *:: Cylinder
 *:: Torus
 *:: Utah Teapot
-*: Simple Mesh COM object
+*:: APIGraphic.h and .cpp code
-*:: What is a mesh?
+*: Custom Mesh
 *:: Create a Mesh
-*:: DrawSubset
+*:: APIGraphic.h code
-*:: FVF settings
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T = Vertex, class I = Index>
+class APICustomMesh : public iAPIGraphic, public APIBase {
+    unsigned   nSubsets;    // number of subsets
+    unsigned   nPrimitives; // number of primitives
+    unsigned*  attribute;   // points to mesh's attribute list
+    I*         index;       // points to mesh's array of indices
+    unsigned   iIndex;      // number of indices currently saved
+    unsigned   nIndices;    // number of indices in the mesh
+    T*         vertex;      // points to mesh's array of vertices
+    unsigned   iVertex;     // number of vertices currently saved
+    unsigned   nVertices;   // number of vertices in the mesh
+    LPD3DXMESH apiMesh;     // set of vertices, indices
+  protected:
+    virtual ~APICustomMesh();
+    void setup();
+  public:
+    APICustomMesh(unsigned*, int, int, int, int);
+    APICustomMesh(const APICustomMesh& v);
+    APICustomMesh& operator=(const APICustomMesh& v);
+    APICustomMesh* clone() const { return new APICustomMesh(*this); }
+    unsigned add(const T& v);
+    void     add(unsigned);
+    void     draw(unsigned);
+    void     suspend();
+    void     release()           { suspend(); }
+    void     Delete() const      { delete this; }
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - APIGraphic
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+APICustomMesh<T, I>::APICustomMesh(unsigned* a, int np, int ni, int nv, int ns)
+ : nSubsets(ns), nPrimitives(np), nIndices(ni), nVertices(nv), iIndex(0),
+ iVertex(0) {
+    attribute = new unsigned[nPrimitives];
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPrimitives; i++)
+        attribute[i] = a[i];
+    index   = new I[nIndices];
+    vertex  = new T[nVertices];
+    apiMesh = nullptr;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - add()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+unsigned APICustomMesh<T, I>::add(const T& v) {
+    unsigned i = iVertex;
+    if (vertex && iVertex < nVertices)
+        vertex[iVertex++] = v;
+    return i;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+void APICustomMesh<T, I>::add(unsigned v) {
+    if (index && iIndex < nIndices)
+        index[iIndex++] = v;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - setup()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+void APICustomMesh<T, I>::setup() {
+    T *pv;
+    I *pi;
+    DWORD *pa;
+    nIndices  = iIndex;
+    nVertices = iVertex;
+    // create an empty mesh and lock its buffers
+    if (FAILED(D3DXCreateMesh(nPrimitives, nVertices, 0,
+     APIVertexDeclaration<T>::format(), d3dd, &apiMesh))) {
+        error(L"APIMesh::14 Couldn\'t create the empty mesh");
+        apiMesh = nullptr;
+    }
+    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockVertexBuffer(0, (void**)&pv))) {
+        error(L"APIMesh::15 Couldn\'t lock vertex buffer");
+        release();
+    }
+    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockIndexBuffer(0, (void**)&pi))) {
+        error(L"APIMesh::16 Couldn\'t lock index buffer");
+        release();
+    }
+    else if (FAILED(apiMesh->LockAttributeBuffer(0, &pa))) {
+        error(L"APIMesh::17 Couldn\'t lock attribute buffer");
+        release();
+    }
+    else {
+        // populate the newly created Vertex Buffer
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nVertices; i++)
+            vertex[i].populate((void**)&pv);
+        apiMesh->UnlockVertexBuffer();
+        // populate the newly created Index Buffer
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nIndices; i++)
+            pi[i] = index[i];
+        apiMesh->UnlockIndexBuffer();
+        // Populate the newly created Attribute Buffer
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPrimitives; i++)
+            pa[i] = attribute[i];
+        apiMesh->UnlockAttributeBuffer();
+    }
+}</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - DrawSubset()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+void APICustomMesh<T, I>::draw(unsigned iSubset) {
+    // if mesh doesn't exist, set it up first
+    if (!apiMesh) setup();
+    if (apiMesh)
+        apiMesh->DrawSubset(iSubset);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*::: DrawIndexedPrimitive parameters
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - suspend()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+void APICustomMesh<T, I>::suspend() {
+    // release the interface to the mesh
+    if (apiMesh) {
+        apiMesh->Release();
+        apiMesh = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: APIGraphic.cpp - ~APIGraphic
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T, class I>
+APICustomMesh<T, I>::~APICustomMesh() {
+    release();
+    if (attribute)
+        delete [] attribute;
+    if (index)
+        delete [] index;
+    if (vertex)
+        delete [] vertex;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*: X File
+*:: Create Mesh from File
+* SkyBox
+*: definition of a skybox
+*:: attachment to camera
+*:: inverted coordinates
+*: skybox textures
+*: Graphic.cpp code
+*: more complicated forms - skydome
+* Billboards
+*: definition, purpose of a billboard
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void Billboard::render(unsigned) {
+    Vector h, u, r, p = position();
+    Camera* camera = *(Camera**)(Camera::getCurrent());
+    Vector cameraPosition = camera->position();
+    Vector cameraHeading  = ::normal(camera->orientation('z'));
+    Vector cameraUp       = ::normal(camera->orientation('y'));
+    switch (type) {
+    // ... see below
+    }
+    Matrix rot(r.x, r.y, r.z, 0,
+               u.x, u.y, u.z, 0,
+               h.x, h.y, h.z, 0,
+,   0,   0, 1);
+    orient(rot);
+    Object::render(0);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*: types of billboards
+*:: screen-aligned - useful for annotation text, lens flares
+*::: normal is opposite to camera heading
+*::: up is camera->up
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        case SCREEN:
+            h = cameraHeading; // fixed
+            u = cameraUp;      // up is fixed
+            r = cross(u, h);
+            break;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: axial - useful for cylindrical symmetry - trees (textured object does not face straight on)
+*::: up is fixed
+*::: normal faces the viewer as much as possible
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        case AXIAL:
+            h = ::normal(position() - cameraPosition); // heading is open to change
+            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up axis is fixed
+            r = cross(u, h);
+            h = cross(u, r);
+            break;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: view_plane - no distortion - useful for
+*::: normal is fixed (opposite to camera heading)
+*::: up is open to change
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        case VIEW_PLANE:
+            h = cameraHeading;   // heading is fixed
+            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up is open to change
+            r = cross(u, h);
+            u = cross(h, r);
+            break;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*:: viewpoint - simulates distortion due to perspective projection - useful for clouds
+*::: normal is fixed (difference between viewpoint position and camera heading)
+*::: up is open to change
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        case VIEWPOINT:
+            h = ::normal(position() - cameraPosition); // heading is fixed
+            u = Vector(0, 1, 0); // up is open to change
+            r = cross(u, h);
+            u = cross(h, r);
+            break;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+*: Object.h and Object.cpp code
+* Texture Filtering
+*: mip maps
+*:: multum in parvo
+*:: texture creation
+*:: APITexture::SetSamplerState()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // mipmap filtering
+    if (flags & TEX_MIPMAP)
+        d3dd->SetSamplerState(i, D3DSAMP_MIPFILTER, D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
+    else
+        d3dd->SetSamplerState(i, D3DSAMP_MIPFILTER, D3DTEXF_NONE);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* DirectX Errors
+*: DirectX Utilities - Lookup Tool
+*: APIDisplay::restore() example
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+bool APIDisplay::restore() {
+    bool rc = false;
+    if (d3dd) {
+        HRESULT hr;
+        hr = d3dd->TestCooperativeLevel();
+        if (hr == D3DERR_DEVICENOTRESET)
+            // reset the APIDisplay device
+            rc = d3dd->Reset(&d3dpp) == D3D_OK;
+        else if (hr == S_OK)
+            rc = true;
+    }
+    if (rc) {
+        // reacquire sprite manager references to video memory
+        if (manager)
+            manager->OnResetDevice();
+    }
+    // complete the restoration
+    if (rc) {
+        setupLighting();
+        setupBlending();
+    }
+    return rc;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+=== To Do ===
+=== Resources ===
+* meshes sample
+* [http://rbwhitaker.wikidot.com/skyboxes-1 Rob Whitaker on Skyboxes]
+* [http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~emmanuel/courses/cs563/S05/talks/suman_wk8_IBR.pdf Image Based Rendering - Suman Nadella on Billboarding and Imposters]
+* [http://www.digitalrune.com/Products/GameEngine/Particles.aspx DigitalRune]
+* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipmap Wikipedia on Texture Filtering]
+* [http://www.directxtutorial.com/Tutorial9/B-Direct3DBasics/dx9B7.aspx D3D 9 tutorial on modeling with an Index list]
+== Week 5 - Feb 6 ==
+=== This Week ===
+* Vertex Declarations
+*: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172559%28v=vs.85%29.aspx FVF Codes]
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <class T = Vertex>
+class APIVertexDeclaration {
+    static D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1];
+    static unsigned vertexSize;
+public:
+    static D3DVERTEXELEMENT9* format() { return fmt; }
+    static unsigned size()             { return vertexSize; }
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <>
+D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 APIVertexDeclaration<Vertex>::fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1]
+ = {
+ { 0,  0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
+ D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0},
+ { 0, 12, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
+ D3DDECLUSAGE_NORMAL, 0},
+ { 0, 24, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT2, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
+ D3DDECLUSAGE_TEXCOORD, 0},
+ D3DDECL_END()};
+template<>
+unsigned APIVertexDeclaration<Vertex>::vertexSize = 32;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+template <>
+D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 APIVertexDeclaration<LitVertex>::fmt[MAXD3DDECLLENGTH + 1]
+ = {
+ { 0,  0, D3DDECLTYPE_FLOAT3, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
+ D3DDECLUSAGE_POSITION, 0},
+ { 0, 12, D3DDECLTYPE_D3DCOLOR, D3DDECLMETHOD_DEFAULT,
+ D3DDECLUSAGE_COLOR, 0},
+ D3DDECL_END()};
+template <>
+unsigned APIVertexDeclaration<LitVertex>::vertexSize = 16;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172630%28v=vs.85%29.aspx D3DVERTEXELEMENT9 struct]
+* The Pipeline
+*: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipeline What is a pipeline]
+*:
+* The GPU
+*: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit What is a GPU]
+** nVidia
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geforce GeForce]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA_Quadro Quadro]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla Tesla]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Nvidia_graphics_processing_units Comparison]
+** AMD (previously ATI)
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radeon_R520 Radeon 520]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_AMD_graphics_processing_units Comparison]
+* Shader Languages
+*: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shader what is a shader]
+*: dedicated shaders
+*: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_shader_model unified shaders]
+*: how does a shader work
+** Languages
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLSL HLSL - Microsoft]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cg_%28programming_language%29 Cg - nVidia]
+**: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLSL GLSL - OpenGL (Khronos)]
+* Vertex Shaders
+* Pixel Shaders
+* effect of skybox and point light on frame rate
 === To Do ===
-* Form Teams, Identify Members (2-5 members) and add your team and members to [[GAM670/DPS905 Teams 20111 | Teams 20111]] ''' Before Thursday 20th'''.
-* Confirm your name and information at [[GAM670/DPS905Student List 20111 | Student List 20111]]
+== Week 6 - Feb 13 ==
+=== This Week ===
+==== Vertex Shader Programming ====
+* Host
+: APIPlatformSettings.h -  Vertex Shader Identification - select between fixed function and programmable pipelines here
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// shader file data
+#define VERTEX_SHADER_FILE        L"vertexShader.hlsl"
+#define VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "vertexShader"
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIBase.h - pointers into the shader - APIBase is the base class for the graphics API classes
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    static IDirect3DVertexShader9* vertexShader; // vertex shader
+    static ID3DXConstantTable*     uniformVS;    // for vertex shader
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIBase.cpp - initialize the shader pointers
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+IDirect3DVertexShader9* APIBase::vertexShader   = nullptr; // vertex shader
+ID3DXConstantTable*     APIBase::uniformVS      = nullptr; // for vertex shader
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.h - keeps track of the current projection matrix
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    Matrix   projection;       // projection transformation
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setup() - checks the shader version
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // points to compiled shader code
+    LPD3DXBUFFER compiledCodeVS = nullptr;
+    // check for minimum vertex shader version required
+    if (caps.VertexShaderVersion < D3DVS_VERSION(2,0))
+        error(L"APIDisplay::09 Device does not support vertex shader 2_0");
+</syntaxhighlight>
+compiles the shader hlsl code, retrieves address of constant memory and vertex shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // compile the vertex shader source code
+    else if (FAILED(D3DXCompileShaderFromFile(VERTEX_SHADER_FILE, NULL,
+     NULL, VERTEX_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT, D3DXGetVertexShaderProfile(d3dd),
+     D3DXSHADER_DEBUG | D3DXSHADER_SKIPOPTIMIZATION,
+     &compiledCodeVS, NULL, &uniformVS))) {
+        release();
+        error(L"APIDisplay::13 Unable to compile vertex shader");
+    }
+    // create the vertex shader object
+    else if (FAILED(d3dd->CreateVertexShader(
+     (DWORD*)compiledCodeVS->GetBufferPointer(), &vertexShader))) {
+        compiledCodeVS->Release();
+        release();
+        error(L"APIDisplay::14 Unable to create vertex shader object");
+    }
+    else {
+        compiledCodeVS->Release();
+</syntaxhighlight>
+sets the current vertex shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        d3dd->SetVertexShader(vertexShader);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setProjection() - stores the projection matrix
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    this->projection = *((Matrix*)projection);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame() - copies the view matrix and the camera heading to constant memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    Matrix& v = *((Matrix*)view);
+    Matrix viewProjection = v * projection;
+    uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "viewProjection",
+     (D3DXMATRIX*)&viewProjection);
+    Vector heading(v.m13, v.m23, v.m33);
+    // Required for specular lighting calculations
+    uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "heading", (FLOAT*)&heading, 3);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "ambient", (FLOAT*)&colour, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, "noLights", 4);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - set() - copies the lighting state to constant memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+                uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, "lighting", b);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setWorld() - copies the world matrix to constant memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformVS->SetMatrix(d3dd, "world", (D3DXMATRIX*)world);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity() - copies the reflectivity to constant memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient",  (FLOAT*)&r.ambient, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse",  (FLOAT*)&r.diffuse, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&r.specular, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloat     (d3dd, "material.power",    (FLOAT)r.power);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - release() - releases constant memory and the vertex shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // release the shader COM objects
+    if (uniformVS) {
+        uniformVS->Release();
+        uniformVS = nullptr;
+    }
+    if (vertexShader) {
+        vertexShader->Release();
+        vertexShader = nullptr;
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - setup() - copies the light properties to constant memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        // Populate the vertex shader constant table
+        //
+        // Light descriptors within the vertex shader
+        char typ[] = "light[0].type";
+        char amb[] = "light[0].ambient";
+        char dif[] = "light[0].diffuse";
+        char spe[] = "light[0].specular";
+        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
+        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
+        char spt[] = "light[0].spot";
+        char att[] = "light[0].attenuation";
+        char ran[] = "light[0].range";
+        //
+        // Reset index in light descriptor
+        typ[6] = index + '0';
+        amb[6] = index + '0';
+        dif[6] = index + '0';
+        spe[6] = index + '0';
+        pos[6] = index + '0';
+        dir[6] = index + '0';
+        spt[6] = index + '0';
+        att[6] = index + '0';
+        ran[6] = index + '0';
+        // Populate the vertex shader constant table
+        Vector attenuation(attenuation0, attenuation1, attenuation2);
+        Vector spot(cosf(phi/2), cosf(theta/2), falloff);
+        Vector zero;
+        uniformVS->SetInt(d3dd, typ, type);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, amb, (FLOAT*)&ambient, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dif, (FLOAT*)&diffuse, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spe, (FLOAT*)&specular, 4);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, att, (FLOAT*)&attenuation, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spt, (FLOAT*)&spot, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, ran, range);
+        rc = true;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - turnOn() - repositions the light and turns it on
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
+        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
+        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
+        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
+        pos[6] = index + '0';
+        dir[6] = index + '0';
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - update() - repositions the light
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
+        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
+        char pos[] = "light[0].position";
+        char dir[] = "light[0].direction";
+        pos[6] = index + '0';
+        dir[6] = index + '0';
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
+        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - turnOff() - turns off the light
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        char constantLightOn[] = "lightOn[0]";
+        constantLightOn[8] = index + '0';
+        uniformVS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, false);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.h - class APIXMesh - processes an X file mesh
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    D3DXCOLOR*          ambient;
+    D3DXCOLOR*          diffuse;
+    D3DXCOLOR*          specular;
+    FLOAT*              power;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh() - constructor
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    ambient  = nullptr;
+    diffuse  = nullptr;
+    specular = nullptr;
+    power    = nullptr;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh() - copy constructor
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    ambient  = nullptr;
+    diffuse  = nullptr;
+    specular = nullptr;
+    power    = nullptr;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - operator=() = assignment operator
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        if (ambient)
+            delete [] ambient;
+        if (diffuse)
+            delete [] diffuse;
+        if (specular)
+            delete [] specular;
+        if (power)
+            delete [] power;
+        ambient  = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
+        diffuse  = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
+        specular = new D3DXCOLOR[src.nSubsets];
+        power    = new FLOAT[src.nSubsets];
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
+            ambient[i]  = src.ambient[i];
+            diffuse[i]  = src.diffuse[i];
+            specular[i] = src.specular[i];
+            power[i]    = src.power[i];
+        }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - setup() -
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        ambient  = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
+        diffuse  = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
+        specular = new D3DXCOLOR[nSubsets];
+        power    = new FLOAT[nSubsets];
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+            ambient[i].r = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.r * 0.7f;
+            ambient[i].g = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.g * 0.7f;
+            ambient[i].b = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.b * 0.7f;
+            ambient[i].a = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse.a;
+            diffuse[i]   = matl[i].MatD3D.Diffuse; // reflected from lights
+            specular[i]  = matl[i].MatD3D.Specular;       // shine from lights
+            power[i]     = matl[i].MatD3D.Power; // 0 if it shouldn't be shiny
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - draw()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&ambient[i], 4);
+            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&diffuse[i], 4);
+            uniformVS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&specular[i], 4);
+            uniformVS->SetFloat(d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)power[i]);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - suspend()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    if (ambient)
+        delete [] ambient;
+    if (diffuse)
+        delete [] diffuse;
+    if (specular)
+        delete [] specular;
+    if (power)
+        delete [] power;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Device
+: vertexShader.hlsl - Constant Memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+#define MLIGHTS 4
+#define POINT_LIGHT       0
+#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
+#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2
+// Types
+//
+// Light holds the data for a single light in world space
+//
+struct Light {
+    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float3 direction;   // in world space
+    float3 position;    // in world space
+    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
+    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
+    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
+};
+// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
+//
+struct Material {
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float  power;
+};
+// RawVertex holds the untransformed data for a single vertex
+//
+struct RawVertex {
+    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
+    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;  // texture coordinates
+};
+// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for a single vertex
+//
+struct TransformedVertex {
+    float4 position  : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
+    float4 colour    : COLOR;      // colour of the lit vertex
+    float2 texCoord0 : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates - stage 0
+    float2 texCoord1 : TEXCOORD1;  // texture coordinates - stage 1
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of vertices)
+//
+// Lighting
+float4   ambient;          // global ambient light - always on
+Light    light[MLIGHTS];   // static lights
+bool     lightOn[MLIGHTS]; // switches for static lights
+Material material;         // material reflectivity
+// Geometry
+float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
+float4x4 world;            // world transformation
+float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
+// Lit Vertex
+bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: vertexShader.hlsl - vertexShader()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// vertexShader receives a raw vertex and returns the transformed vertex
+//
+TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {
+    TransformedVertex transformed;
+    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
+    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space
+    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
+    //
+    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
+    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
+    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
+    //
+    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
+    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
+    // not working
+    if (litVertex) {
+          transformed.colour.r = raw.normal.r;
+          transformed.colour.g = raw.normal.g;
+          transformed.colour.b = raw.normal.b;
+          transformed.colour.a = 1.0f;
+    }
+    else {
+    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
+    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
+    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
+    // needs to be normalized.
+    //
+    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
+    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
+    // Determine the colour of the vertex from each light in turn
+    //
+    // Use the cosine of the angle between the worldNormal and the direction
+    // of the light to determine the amount of reflected light. The cosine
+    // is given by the dot product, if both vectors have been normalized. If
+    // the cosine is less than 0, the angle is greater than 90 degrees and
+    // no light is reflected.  Use saturate() to implement this condition.
+    //
+    // A more efficient algorithm would supply the light direction already
+    // converted to the local space of the vertex (by using the inverse of
+    // the world transformation).
+    //
+    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
+    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
+    float3 lightDirection, camera = normalize(heading);
+    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
+    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
+    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
+        if (lightOn[i]) {
+            lightDirection = - normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
+             float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y, worldPosition.z) -
+             light[i].position : light[i].direction);
+            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(worldNormal, lightDirection));
+            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
+             worldNormal - lightDirection), camera));
+            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
+            spotFactor = 1.0f;
+            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
+             light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
+                distance = length((float3)worldPosition - light[i].position);
+                if (distance < light[i].range) {
+                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
+                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
+                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
+                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
+                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
+                         float3(worldPosition.x, worldPosition.y,
+                         worldPosition.z)),
+                         normalize(-light[i].direction)));
+                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
+                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
+                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
+                            spotFactor = pow(
+                             abs((rho - light[i].spot.x)/
+                             (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
+                             light[i].spot.z);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
+            }
+            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
+            //
+            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+             light[i].ambient.xyz;
+            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
+             light[i].diffuse.xyz;
+            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+             light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
+        }
+    }
+    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
+    // to obtain the colour of the lit vertex
+    //
+    transformed.colour.xyz =
+     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
+     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
+     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
+    // pass the diffuse alpha along as the alpha component
+    //
+    transformed.colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
+    }
+    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
+    //
+    transformed.texCoord0 = raw.texCoord;
+    transformed.texCoord1 = raw.texCoord;
+    return transformed;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+==== Fragment Shader ====
+* Host
+: APIPlatformSettings.h
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+#define FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE        L"fragmentShader.hlsl"
+#define FRAGMENT_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT "fragmentShader"
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIBase.h
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // Fragment Shader Support
+    static IDirect3DPixelShader9* fragmentShader; // fragment shader
+    static ID3DXConstantTable*    uniformFS;      // for fragment shader
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIBase.cpp
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+IDirect3DPixelShader9*  APIBase::fragmentShader = nullptr; // fragment shader
+ID3DXConstantTable*     APIBase::uniformFS      = nullptr; // for fragment shader
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setup()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    LPD3DXBUFFER compiledCodeFS = nullptr;
+    // checks for minimum pixel shader version required
+    else if (caps.PixelShaderVersion < D3DPS_VERSION(3,0))
+        error(L"Display::10 Device does not support pixel shader 3_0");
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // compile the fragment shader source code
+    else if (FAILED(D3DXCompileShaderFromFile(FRAGMENT_SHADER_FILE, NULL,
+     NULL, FRAGMENT_SHADER_ENTRY_POINT, D3DXGetPixelShaderProfile(d3dd), 0,
+     &compiledCodeFS, NULL, &uniformFS))) {
+        release();
+        error(L"APIDisplay::15 Unable to compile the fragment shader code");
+    }
+    // create the pixel shader object
+    else if (FAILED(d3dd->CreatePixelShader(
+     (DWORD*)compiledCodeFS->GetBufferPointer(), &fragmentShader))) {
+        compiledCodeFS->Release();
+        release();
+        error(L"APIDisplay::16 Unable to create fragment shader object");
+    }
+    else {
+        compiledCodeFS->Release();
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172732%28v=vs.85%29.aspx D3DXCompileShaderFromFile()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172870%28v=vs.85%29.aspx D3DXGetPixelShaderProfile()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174450%28v=vs.85%29.aspx IDirect3DDevice9::CreatePixelShader()]
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        d3dd->SetPixelShader(fragmentShader);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174450%28v=vs.85%29.aspx IDirect3DDevice9::SetPixelShader()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "ambient", (FLOAT*)&colour, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetInt(d3dd, "noLights", 4);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205775%28v=vs.85%29.aspx ID3DXConstantTable::SetFloatArray()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205776%28v=vs.85%29.aspx ID3DXConstantTable::SetInt()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - set()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+                uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, "lighting", b);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205771%28v=vs.85%29.aspx ID3DXConstantTable::SetBool()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient",  (FLOAT*)&r.ambient, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse",  (FLOAT*)&r.diffuse, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&r.specular, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloat     (d3dd, "material.power",    (FLOAT)r.power);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - release()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    }
+    if (uniformFS) {
+        uniformFS->Release();
+        uniformFS = nullptr;
+    }
+    if (fragmentShader) {
+        fragmentShader->Release();
+        fragmentShader = nullptr;
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIGraphic.cpp - APIXMesh::draw()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.ambient", (FLOAT*)&ambient[i], 4);
+            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.diffuse", (FLOAT*)&diffuse[i], 4);
+            uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, "material.specular", (FLOAT*)&specular[i], 4);
+            uniformFS->SetFloat(d3dd, "material.power", (FLOAT)power[i]);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205774%28v=vs.85%29.aspx ID3DXConstantTable::SetFloat()]
+: APILight.cpp - setup()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetInt(d3dd, typ, type);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, amb, (FLOAT*)&ambient, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dif, (FLOAT*)&diffuse, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spe, (FLOAT*)&specular, 4);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&zero, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, att, (FLOAT*)&attenuation, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, spt, (FLOAT*)&spot, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloat(d3dd, ran, range);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - turnOn()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - update()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, pos, (FLOAT*)&p, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetFloatArray(d3dd, dir, (FLOAT*)&o, 3);
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APILight.cpp - turnOff()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, constantLightOn, false);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APITexture.cpp - attach()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        char str[] = "texOn";
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, str, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APITexture.cpp - detach()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        char str[] = "texOn";
+        uniformFS->SetBool(d3dd, str, false);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Device
+: vertexShader.hlsl - Constant Memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// Types
+//
+// RawVertex holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
+//
+struct RawVertex {
+    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
+    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
+};
+// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for the vertex
+//
+struct TransformedVertex {
+    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
+    float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;  // position in world space
+    float3 worldNor : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
+//
+// Geometry
+float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
+float4x4 world;            // world transformation
+float3   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
+// Lit Vertex
+bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: vertexShader.hlsl - vertexShader()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// vertexShader receives a raw data for a vertex and transforms that data
+//
+TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {
+    TransformedVertex transformed;    // result returned by this function
+    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
+    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space
+    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
+    //
+    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
+    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
+    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
+    //
+    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
+    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
+    transformed.worldPos = worldPosition.xyz;
+    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
+    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
+    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
+    // needs to be normalized.
+    //
+    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
+    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
+    transformed.worldNor = worldNormal;
+    // Determine the direction from the camera's viewpoint to this vertex for
+    // subsequent lighting calculations
+    //
+    transformed.toViewer = normalize(viewPoint - worldPosition.xyz);
+    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
+    //
+    transformed.texCoord = raw.texCoord;
+    return transformed;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: fragmentShader.hlsl - Constant Memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+#define MLIGHTS 4
+#define MTEXTURES 2
+#define POINT_LIGHT       0
+#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
+#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2
+// Types
+//
+// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
+//
+struct Light {
+    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float3 direction;   // in world space
+    float3 position;    // in world space
+    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
+    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
+    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
+};
+// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
+//
+struct Material {
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float  power;
+};
+// RawPixel holds the data for a single fragment of the stream
+//
+struct RawPixel {
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
+    float3 position : TEXCOORD1;  // fragment position in world space
+    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
+//
+float4 ambient;           // global ambient light - always on
+int    noLights;          // no of active lights
+Light  light[MLIGHTS];    // static lights
+bool   lightOn[MLIGHTS];  // light switch
+Material material;        // material reflectivity
+bool   lighting;          // lighting calculations on?
+bool    texOn; // texture switch
+sampler2D tex; // set by the application
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: fragmentShader.hlsl - fragmentShader()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// The fragment shader receives raw fragment data and returns a pixel colour
+//
+float4 fragmentShader(RawPixel raw) : COLOR {
+    float4 colour;          // result returned by this function
+    float3 normal;          // normal to the fragment
+    float3 toViewer;        // from fragment to the camera
+    float3 toLightSource;   // from fragment to current light source
+    // lighting contribution accumulators
+    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
+    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
+    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
+    // lighting calculation factors
+    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
+    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
+    // normalize the fragment data
+    normal   = normalize(raw.normal);
+    toViewer = normalize(raw.toViewer);
+    // perform calculations for each light in turn
+    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
+        if (lightOn[i]) {
+            float diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, factor;
+            // diffuse and reflection factors
+            toLightSource = normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
+                light[i].position - raw.position : - light[i].direction);
+            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
+            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
+                normal - toLightSource), toViewer));
+            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
+            spotFactor = 1.0f;
+            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
+                light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
+                distance = length(raw.position - light[i].position);
+                if (distance < light[i].range) {
+                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
+                        light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
+                        light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
+                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
+                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
+                            float3(raw.position.x, raw.position.y,
+                            raw.position.z)),
+                            normalize(-light[i].direction)));
+                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
+                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
+                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
+                            spotFactor = pow(abs(
+                                (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
+                                (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
+                                light[i].spot.z);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
+            }
+            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
+            //
+            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+                light[i].ambient.xyz;
+            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
+                light[i].diffuse.xyz;
+            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+                light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
+        }
+        // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
+        // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
+        //
+        colour.xyz =
+         saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
+         saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
+         saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
+        colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
+    }
+    // apply texture
+    //
+    if (texOn)
+        colour *= tex2D(tex, raw.texcoord);
+    return colour;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+=== To Do ===
+* reorganize framework code so that vertex shader receives product of world, view, and projection matrices
+** store viewProjection matrix as an instance variable in APIDisplay
+** pre-multiply viewProjection by world to obtain composite matrix to pass to vertex shader
+** add composite matrix to the constant table in the vertex shader
+* reorganize framework code to minimize duplication of heading normalization
+** perform normalization of heading in APIDisplay::beginDrawFrame()
+=== Resources ===
+== Week 7 - Feb 20 ==
+=== This Week ===
+* Effects Framework
+** techniques
+*: passes
+* Source Code
+: APIBase.h
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    static ID3DXEffect*           effect;         // points to effects framework
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIBase.cpp
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+ID3DXEffect*            APIBase::effect         = nullptr; // effects framework
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.h
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // Effects Framework handles
+    D3DXHANDLE   viewProjection;   // view * projection
+    D3DXHANDLE   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint
+    D3DXHANDLE   ambient;          // global ambient color
+    D3DXHANDLE   ambientHandle;    // current ambient reflectivity
+    D3DXHANDLE   diffuseHandle;    // current diffuse reflectivity
+    D3DXHANDLE   specularHandle;   // current specular reflectivity
+    D3DXHANDLE   powerHandle;      // current shininess coefficient
+    D3DXHANDLE   worldHandle;      // current world transformation
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    void beginEffect(const char*, unsigned&);
+    void beginPass(unsigned);
+    void endPass();
+    void endEffect();
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - APIDisplay()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    viewProjection = nullptr;
+    viewPoint      = nullptr;
+    ambient        = nullptr;
+    ambientHandle  = nullptr;
+    diffuseHandle  = nullptr;
+    specularHandle = nullptr;
+    powerHandle    = nullptr;
+    worldHandle    = nullptr;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setup()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    LPD3DXBUFFER errorBuffer = NULL;
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // create the effects framework
+    else if (FAILED(D3DXCreateEffectFromFile(d3dd, EFFECT_FILE, 0,
+, D3DXSHADER_DEBUG, 0, &effect, &errorBuffer))) {
+        release();
+        error(L"APIDisplay::17 Unable to create the effects framework");
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172768%28v=vs.85%29.aspx D3DXCreateEffectFromFile()]
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        if (errorBuffer) errorBuffer->Release();
+        viewProjection = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "viewProjection");
+        viewPoint      = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "viewPoint");
+        ambient        = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "ambient");
+        worldHandle    = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "world");
+        ambientHandle  = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.ambient");
+        diffuseHandle  = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.diffuse");
+        specularHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.specular");
+        powerHandle    = effect->GetParameterByName(0, "material.power");
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205696%28v=vs.85%29.aspx GetParameterByName()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - beginDrawFrame()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    Matrix& v = *((Matrix*)view);
+    Matrix viewprojection = v * projection;
+    Vector heading(v.m13, v.m23, v.m33);
+    effect->SetMatrix(viewProjection, (D3DXMATRIX*)&viewprojection);
+    effect->SetVector(viewPoint,      (D3DXVECTOR4*)&heading);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205720%28v=vs.85%29.aspx SetMatrix()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205729%28v=vs.85%29.aspx SetVector()]
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        Colour colour(red, green, blue);
+        effect->SetVector(ambient, (D3DXVECTOR4*)&colour);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - beginEffect()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void APIDisplay::beginEffect(const char* technique, unsigned& nPasses) {
+    D3DXHANDLE techniqueHandle = effect->GetTechniqueByName(technique);
+    effect->SetTechnique(techniqueHandle);
+    effect->Begin(&nPasses, 0);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205706%28v=vs.85%29.aspx GetTechniqueByName()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205834%28v=vs.85%29.aspx SetTechnique()]
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205815%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Begin()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - beginPass()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void APIDisplay::beginPass(unsigned i) {
+    effect->BeginPass(i);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205817%28v=vs.85%29.aspx BeginPass()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - endPass()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void APIDisplay::endPass() {
+    effect->EndPass();
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205823%28v=vs.85%29.aspx EndPass()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - endEffect()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void APIDisplay::endEffect() {
+    effect->End();
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205821%28v=vs.85%29.aspx End()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setWorld()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        effect->SetMatrix(worldHandle, (D3DXMATRIX*)world);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: APIDisplay.cpp - setReflectivity()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        effect->SetVector(ambientHandle,  (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.ambient);
+        effect->SetVector(diffuseHandle,  (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.diffuse);
+        effect->SetVector(specularHandle, (D3DXVECTOR4*)&r.specular);
+        effect->SetFloat(powerHandle,     r.power);
+        effect->CommitChanges();
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb205819%28v=vs.85%29.aspx CommitChanges()]
+: APIDisplay.cpp - release()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    if (effect) {
+        effect->Release();
+        effect = NULL;
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: effects.fx - Constant Memory
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+#define MLIGHTS 4
+#define POINT_LIGHT       0
+#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
+#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2
+// Types
+//
+// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
+//
+struct Light {
+    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
+    float3 ambient;
+    float3 diffuse;
+    float3 specular;
+    float3 direction;   // in world space
+    float3 position;    // in world space
+    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
+    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
+    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
+};
+// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
+//
+struct Material {
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float  power;
+};
+// RawPixel holds the data for a single fragment of the stream
+//
+struct RawPixel {
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
+    float3 position : TEXCOORD1;  // fragment position in world space
+    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
+//
+float4 ambient;           // global ambient light - always on
+int    noLights;          // no of static lights
+Light  light[MLIGHTS];    // static lights
+bool   lightOn[MLIGHTS];  // light switch
+Material material;        // material reflectivity
+bool    texOn; // texture switch
+sampler2D tex; // set by the application
+// Types
+//
+// RawVertex holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
+//
+struct RawVertex {
+    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
+    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
+};
+// TransformedVertex holds the transformed data for the vertex
+//
+struct TransformedVertex {
+    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
+    float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD1;  // position in world space
+    float3 worldNor : TEXCOORD2;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD3;  // direction to viewer in world space
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
+//
+// Geometry
+float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
+float4x4 world;            // world transformation
+float4   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
+// Geometry
+float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
+// Lit Vertex
+bool     litVertex;        // omit lighting calculations - already lit
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: effects.fx - VertexShader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// vertexShader receives a raw data for a vertex and transforms that data
+//
+TransformedVertex vertexShader(RawVertex raw) {
+    TransformedVertex transformed;    // result returned by this function
+    float4            worldPosition;  // world position of the vertex
+    float3            worldNormal;    // vertex normal in world space
+    // Transform the vertex to homogeneous clip coordinates
+    //
+    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
+    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
+    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
+    //
+    worldPosition = mul(float4(raw.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
+    transformed.position = mul(worldPosition, viewProjection); //... to clip
+    transformed.worldPos = worldPosition.xyz;
+    // Transform the vertex normal to world space. Only the rotation-scaling
+    // part of the world transformation is used. Since the world
+    // transformation may contain scaling, the result of this multiplication
+    // needs to be normalized.
+    //
+    worldNormal = mul(raw.normal, (float3x3)world);
+    worldNormal = normalize(worldNormal);
+    transformed.worldNor = worldNormal;
+    // Determine the direction from the camera's viewpoint to this vertex for
+    // subsequent lighting calculations
+    //
+    transformed.toViewer = normalize(viewPoint - worldPosition.xyz);
+    // pass the texture coordinates along unaltered
+    //
+    transformed.texCoord = raw.texCoord;
+    return transformed;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: effects.fx - FragmentShader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// The fragment shader receives raw fragment data and returns a pixel colour
+//
+float4 fragmentShader(RawPixel raw) : COLOR {
+    float4 colour;          // result returned by this function
+    float3 normal;          // normal to the fragment
+    float3 toViewer;        // from fragment to the camera
+    float3 toLightSource;   // from fragment to current light source
+    // lighting contribution accumulators
+    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
+    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
+    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
+    // lighting calculation factors
+    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance;
+    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
+    // normalize the fragment data
+    normal   = normalize(raw.normal);
+    toViewer = normalize(raw.toViewer);
+    // perform calculations for each light in turn
+    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
+        if (lightOn[i]) {
+            float diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, factor;
+            // diffuse and reflection factors
+            toLightSource = normalize((light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT)?
+             light[i].position - raw.position : - light[i].direction);
+            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
+            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
+             normal - toLightSource), toViewer));
+            attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
+            spotFactor = 1.0f;
+            if (light[i].type == POINT_LIGHT ||
+             light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                // detail calcs for attenuationFactor and spotFactor
+                distance = length(raw.position - light[i].position);
+                if (distance < light[i].range) {
+                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
+                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
+                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
+                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
+                    if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                        rho = saturate(dot(normalize(light[i].position -
+                         float3(raw.position.x, raw.position.y,
+                         raw.position.z)),
+                         normalize(-light[i].direction)));
+                        if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
+                            spotFactor = 0.0f;
+                        else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
+                            spotFactor = pow(abs(
+                             (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
+                             (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
+                             light[i].spot.z);
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
+            }
+            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light
+            //
+            ambientLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+             light[i].ambient.xyz;
+            diffuseLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor * diffuseFactor *
+             light[i].diffuse.xyz;
+            specularLight += attenuationFactor * spotFactor *
+             light[i].specular.xyz * pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
+        }
+    }
+    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
+    // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
+    //
+    colour.xyz =
+     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
+     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
+     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
+    colour.w = material.diffuse.w;
+    // apply texture
+    //
+    if (texOn)
+        colour *= tex2D(tex, raw.texcoord);
+    return colour;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: effects.fx - technique opaque
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+technique opaque {
+    pass {
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 vertexShader();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 fragmentShader();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: effects.fx - technique translucent
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+technique translucent {
+    pass {
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 vertexShader();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 fragmentShader();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+</syntaxhighlight>
+=== To Do ===
 === Resources ===
-== Week 3 - Jan 23 ==
+== Week 8 - Mar 4 ==
 === This Week ===
+* Frank Luna's notes for DirectX10 (page 306)
+:[http://books.google.ca/books?id=AyACb-t8E-MC&pg=PA306&lpg=PA306#v=onepage&q&f=false Environment Maps](Google books)
+:[http://libcat.senecac.on.ca/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=19588&recCount=50&recPointer=2&bibId=261220 Environment Maps](Seneca ELibraray)
+* Design.cpp
+: Design::initialize() - create the skybox object
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// initialize initializes the general display design coordinator, creates the
+// primitive sets, textures, objects, lights, sounds, cameras, and text items
+//
+void Design::initialize() {
+    // ...
+    // create textures
+    iTexture* sunset   = CreateCubeTexture(L"Islands.dds");
+    // ...
+    iObject* skybox = CreateSkybox();
+    skybox->rotatex(-1.5708f);
+    skybox->attach(sunset);
+    setSkybox(skybox);
+    // ...
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Coordinator.cpp
+: Coordinator::render() - using different techniques for different objects
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void Coordinator::render() {
+    // adjust framecount and fps
+    if (now - lastReset <= unitsPerSec)
+        framecount++;
+    else {
+        // recalculate the frame rate
+        fps        = framecount * unitsPerSec / (now - lastReset);
+        framecount = 0;
+        lastReset  = now;
+        if (timerText) {
+            wchar_t str[MAX_DESC + 1];
+            sprintf(str, fps, L" fps");
+            timerText->set(str);
+        }
+    }
+    // update the user input devices
+    userInput->update();
+    Coordinator::update();
+    // update the model
+    update();
+    // update the audio
+    audio->setVolume(volume);
+    audio->setFrequencyRatio(frequency);
+    audio->update(Camera::getView());
+    // start rendering
+    display->beginDrawFrame(Camera::getView());
+    display->setAmbientLight(ambient.r, ambient.g, ambient.b);
+    unsigned nPasses;
+    // render all of the opaque unlit objects
+    display->beginEffect("opaque", nPasses);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
+        display->beginPass(i);
+        render(OPAQUE_OBJECT);
+        display->endPass();
+    }
+    display->endEffect();
+    // render all of the translucent unlit objects
+    display->beginEffect("translucent", nPasses);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
+        display->beginPass(i);
+        render(TRANSLUCENT_OBJECT);
+        display->endPass();
+    }
+    display->endEffect();
+    // render all of the lit objects
+    display->beginEffect("litObjects", nPasses);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
+        display->beginPass(i);
+        render(LIT_OBJECT);
+        display->endPass();
+    }
+    display->endEffect();
+    //  render the skybox
+    display->beginEffect("skybox", nPasses);
+    if (background && !skybox) {
+        Rectf fullScreen(0, 0, 1, 1);
+        display->beginDrawHUD(0);
+        background->render(fullScreen, true);
+        display->endDrawHUD();
+    }
+    else if (skybox) {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < nPasses; i++) {
+            display->beginPass(i);
+            render(SKYBOX);
+            display->endPass();
+        }
+    }
+    display->endEffect();
+    display->set(ALPHA_BLEND, false);
+    display->beginDrawHUD(HUD_ALPHA);
+    render(ALL_HUDS);
+    display->endDrawHUD();
+    display->endDrawFrame();
+    render(ALL_SOUNDS);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Coordinator::render(iObject*) - render a single object one subset at a time
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void Coordinator::render(iObject* object) {
+    display->setWorld(&object->world());
+    unsigned nSubsets = object->noSubsets();
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < nSubsets; i++) {
+        iTexture* texture = object->getTexture(i);
+        if (texture) texture->attach();
+        display->setReflectivity(object->getReflectivity(i));
+        object->render(i);
+        if (texture) texture->detach();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Skybox class
+: iObject interface - CreateSkybox declaration
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+class iObject : public Shape, public Base {
+  public:
+    // initialization
+    virtual void        attach(iTexture* t)                  = 0;
+    virtual void        attach(iTexture** t)                 = 0;
+    // execution
+    virtual unsigned    noSubsets() const                    = 0;
+    virtual void        render(unsigned)                     = 0;
+    virtual void        setTextureFilter(unsigned)           = 0;
+    virtual iTexture*   getTexture(unsigned) const           = 0;
+    virtual const void* getReflectivity(unsigned) const      = 0;
+    virtual bool        belongsTo(Category category) const   = 0;
+};
+iObject* CreateObject(iGraphic*, const Reflectivity* = nullptr, unsigned = 1u);
+iObject* CreateBillboard(BillboardType, iGraphic*,
+ const Reflectivity* = nullptr);
+iObject* CreateSkybox();
+iObject* Clone(const iObject*);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Skybox class - derived from Object
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+//-------------------------------- Skybox -------------------------------------
+//
+// A Skybox is an inverted Object that translates with the viewpoint
+//
+class Skybox : public Object {
+public:
+    Skybox();
+    void render(unsigned);
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: CreateSkybox
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+iObject* CreateSkybox() {
+    return new Skybox();
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Skybox::Skybox - SKYBOX category, 2 x 2 x 2 cube
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+Skybox::Skybox() : Object(SKYBOX, CreateIBox(-1, -1, -1 * MODEL_Z_AXIS, 1, 1,
+* MODEL_Z_AXIS)) {
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Skybox::render(unsigned) - move skybox centroid to current camera position
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+void Skybox::render(unsigned) {
+    Camera* camera = *(Camera**)(Camera::getCurrent());
+    Vector disp = camera->position() - position();
+    translate(disp.x, disp.y, disp.z);
+    Object::render(0);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Texture class
+: iTexture interface - CreateCubeTexture declaration
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+class iTexture : public Base {
+  public:
+    virtual void attach() const                                        = 0;
+    virtual void setFilter(unsigned) const                             = 0;
+    virtual void detach()                                              = 0;
+    virtual void render(const Rectf&, bool = false)                    = 0;
+};
+iTexture* CreateTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0);
+iTexture* CreateCubeTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0);
+iTexture* Clone(const iTexture*);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Texture class - add the cube parameter to constructor
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+class Texture : public iTexture {
+    iAPITexture* apiTexture;   // points to the api texture
+    Texture(const Texture&);
+    virtual ~Texture();
+  public:
+    Texture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter = 0, bool cube = false);
+    Texture& operator=(const Texture&);
+    void* clone() const { return new Texture(*this); }
+    // execution
+    void attach() const;
+    void setFilter(unsigned) const;
+    void detach();
+    void render(const Rectf&, bool);
+    // termination
+    void suspend();
+    void release();
+};</syntaxhighlight>
+: CreateCubeTexture - call constructor with true flag for cube
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+iTexture* CreateCubeTexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter) {
+    return new Texture(file, filter, true);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Texture::Texture() - create APICubeTexture()
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+Texture::Texture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter, bool cube) {
+    coordinator->add(this);
+    wchar_t* fileWithPath = nullptr;
+    if (file) {
+        // add the directory to create the relative filename
+        int len = strlen(file) + strlen(TEXTURE_DIRECTORY) + 1;
+        fileWithPath = new wchar_t[len + 1];
+        ::nameWithDir(fileWithPath, TEXTURE_DIRECTORY, file, len);
+    }
+    // apiTexture on the graphics device
+    if (cube)
+        apiTexture = CreateAPICubeTexture(fileWithPath);
+    else
+        apiTexture = CreateAPITexture(fileWithPath, filter);
+    if (fileWithPath) delete [] fileWithPath;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: iAPITexture interface - add CreateAPICubeTexture declaration
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+class iAPITexture {
+  public:
+    virtual iAPITexture* clone() const                                = 0;
+    // execution
+    virtual void attach()                                             = 0;
+    virtual void setFilter(unsigned flags)                            = 0;
+    virtual void detach()                                             = 0;
+    virtual void render(const Rectf&, unsigned char, bool = false)    = 0;
+    // termination
+    virtual void suspend()                                            = 0;
+    virtual void release()                                            = 0;
+    virtual void Delete() const                                       = 0;
+};
+iAPITexture* CreateAPITexture(const wchar_t* file, unsigned filter);
+iAPITexture* CreateAPICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* APITexture.h
+: APICubeTexture class definition
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+class APICubeTexture : public iAPITexture, public APIBase {
+    wchar_t*               file;   // points to file with texture image
+    unsigned               filter; // default texture filtering flags
+    IDirect3DCubeTexture9* tex;    // interface to texture COM object
+    virtual ~APICubeTexture();
+    void setup();
+  public:
+    APICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file);
+    APICubeTexture(const APICubeTexture&);
+    iAPITexture& operator=(const APICubeTexture&);
+    iAPITexture* clone() const { return new APICubeTexture(*this); }
+    // execution
+    void   attach();
+    void   setFilter(unsigned filter) {}
+    void   detach();
+    void   render(const Rectf&, unsigned char, bool) {}
+    // suspension
+    void   suspend();
+    // termination
+    void   release();
+    void   Delete() const { delete this; }
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb174329%28v=vs.85%29.aspx IDirect3DCubeTexture9 interface]
+: APICubeTexture class implementation
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+//-------------------------------- APICubeTexture -----------------------------
+//
+// The APICubeTexture class implements a texture at the API level
+//
+iAPITexture* CreateAPICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file) {
+    return new APICubeTexture(file);
+}
+// constructor initializes the texture identifier
+//
+APICubeTexture::APICubeTexture(const wchar_t* file) {
+    if (file) {
+        int len = strlen(file);
+        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
+        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
+    }
+    else
+        this->file = nullptr;
+    tex = nullptr;
+}
+APICubeTexture::APICubeTexture(const APICubeTexture& src) {
+    file  = nullptr;
+    tex   = nullptr;
+    *this = src;
+}
+iAPITexture& APICubeTexture::operator=(const APICubeTexture& src) {
+    if (this != &src) {
+        if (file)
+            delete [] file;
+        if (src.file) {
+            int len = strlen(src.file);
+            file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
+            strcpy(file, src.file, len);
+        }
+        else
+            file = nullptr;
+        suspend();
+        tex = nullptr;
+    }
+    return *this;
+}
+// setup creates the api texture from the texture file
+//
+void APICubeTexture::setup() {
+    // create a texture COM object from the texture file
+    //
+    HRESULT hr;
+    if (file && FAILED(hr = D3DXCreateCubeTextureFromFileEx(d3dd, file,
+, D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_DEFAULT,
+     D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, nullptr, nullptr, &tex))) {
+        error(L"APICubeTexture::11 Failed to create texture COM object from file");
+        tex = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+// attach attaches the api texture to sampling stage i
+//
+void APICubeTexture::attach() {
+    if (!tex) setup();
+    if (tex)
+        d3dd->SetTexture(0, tex);
+}
+// detach detaches the api texture from sampling stage 0
+//
+void APICubeTexture::detach() {
+    if (tex)
+        d3dd->SetTexture(0, nullptr);
+}
+// suspend releases the api texture
+//
+void APICubeTexture::suspend() {
+    // release the Interface to the texture COM object
+    if (tex) {
+        tex->Release();
+        tex = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+// releases suspends the api texture
+//
+void APICubeTexture::release() {
+    suspend();
+}
+// destructor releases the api texture
+//
+APICubeTexture::~APICubeTexture() {
+   release();
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb172757%28v=vs.85%29.aspx D3DXCreateCubeTextureFromFileEx]
+* effects.fx
+: vertex shader outpu structure
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+//-------------------------------- Skybox -------------------------------------
+//
+struct FS_Skybox {
+    float4 pos : POSITION;
+    float3 tex : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: vertex shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+FS_Skybox skyboxVertexShader(float3 pos : POSITION) {
+    FS_Skybox output = (FS_Skybox) 0;
+    output.pos = mul(float4(pos, 0), world);            // Note the 0, this so the skybox rotates, but without translation
+    output.pos = mul(output.pos, viewProjection).xyww;  // The z coordinate is replaced by w, so that the point is always projected at infinity
+    output.tex = pos.xzy;                               // Note that y and z are switched to match the texture coordinate system
+    return output;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: skybox sampler state
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+texture skyBox;
+samplerCUBE skySampler = sampler_state {
+    texture = <skyBox>;
+    MagFilter = LINEAR;
+    Minfilter = LINEAR;
+    Mipfilter = LINEAR;
+    AddressU = MIRROR;
+    AddressV = MIRROR;
+    AddressW = MIRROR;
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: fragment shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+float4 skyboxFragmentShader(FS_Skybox input) : COLOR0 {
+    return texCUBE(skySampler, input.tex);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: skybox technique
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+technique skybox {
+    pass {
+        AlphaBlendEnable = false;
+        ZENABLE = true;
+        ZWRITEENABLE = false;    // By not storing the skybox's z-buffer value, it enables objects behind the skybox to be drawn, giving a realist look (e.g. an airplane in the distance)
+        CullMode = None;
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 skyboxVertexShader();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 skyboxFragmentShader();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
 === To Do ===
 === Resources ===
-* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=3021d52b-514e-41d3-ad02-438a3ba730ba DirectX SDK June 2010]
+* [http://rbwhitaker.wikidot.com/skyboxes-1 RB Whitaker's notes on skyboxes]
+* [http://knol.google.com/k/3d-skybox# Koen Samyn's knol]
+* [http://www.gameengineer.net/samples-graphics.html Game Engineer's demo]
+* [http://www.planetside.co.uk/terragen Terragen Texture Tool]
+* DirectX Utility - DirectX Texture Tool
-== Week 4 - Jan 30 ==
+== Week 9 - Mar 11 ==
 === This Week ===
 * [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb147178%28v=VS.85%29.aspx Mathematics of Lighting]
-* Vertex Shaders
 * Lighting in Vertex Shaders
 ** Notation
@@ Line 174: / Line 2,236: @@
 *** [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb509617%28v=vs.85%29.aspx length()] - length of a vector
 *** [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb509645%28v=vs.85%29.aspx saturate()] - clamp scalar, vector, or matrix to [0, 1]
+* effects.fx - for unlit vertices and fragments
+: Uniform data
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+#define MLIGHTS 4
+#define POINT_LIGHT       0
+#define SPOT_LIGHT        1
+#define DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT 2
+// Types
+//
+// Light holds the data for a single static light in world space
+//
+struct Light {
+    int    type;        // POINT_LIGHT, SPOT_LIGHT, DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT
+    float3 ambient;
+    float3 diffuse;
+    float3 specular;
+    float3 direction;   // in world space
+    float3 position;    // in world space
+    float3 attenuation; // .xyz for 1.0f/ (.x + .y * d + .z * d * d)
+    float3 spot;        // .x = cos(phi/2), .y = cos(theta/2), .z = falloff
+    float  range;       // where attenuation becomes 0
+};
+// Material holds the reflectivity properties of the material
+//
+struct Material {
+    float4 ambient;
+    float4 diffuse;
+    float4 specular;
+    float  power;
+};
+// Uniform Data (constant for the stream of vertices)
+//
+// Geometry
+float4x4 viewProjection;   // view * projection transformation
+float4x4 world;            // world transformation
+float4   viewPoint;        // camera viewpoint for specular calcs
+float3   heading;          // camera heading for specular calcs
+int      noLights;         // no of static lights
+Light    light[MLIGHTS];   // static lights
+bool     lightOn[MLIGHTS]; // light switch
+// Uniform Data (constant for a stream of fragments)
+//
+float4   ambient;          // global ambient light - always on
+Material material;         // material reflectivity
+bool     texOn; // texture switch
+texture texMap;
+sampler2D tex = sampler_state {
+    texture = <texMap>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = MIRROR;
+    AddressV = MIRROR;
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Varying Data - simple unlit objects
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+//-------------------------------- Simple Unlit Objects -----------------------
+//
+// UnlitInput holds the original data for a vertex in the stream
+//
+struct UnlitVSInput {
+    float3 position : POSITION;  // position in local space
+    float3 normal   : NORMAL;    // normal in local space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinates
+};
+// UnlitOutput holds the transformed data for the vertex
+//
+struct UnlitVSOutput {
+    float4 position : POSITION;   // position in homogeneous clip space
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD;   // texture coordinates
+    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD1;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD2;  // direction to viewer in world space
+    float3 toLight[MLIGHTS] : TEXCOORD3; // light vector
+};
+// UnlitFSInput holds the input data for a single fragment of the stream
+//
+struct UnlitFSInput {
+    float2 texCoord : TEXCOORD0;  // texture coordinate at this fragment
+    float3 normal   : TEXCOORD1;  // lighting normal in world space
+    float3 toViewer : TEXCOORD2;  // direction to viewer in world space
+    float3 toLight[MLIGHTS] : TEXCOORD3; // direction from fragment to light i
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Vertex Shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// unlitVShader transforms vertex and lighting data for simple unlit objects
+//
+UnlitVSOutput unlitVShader(UnlitVSInput input) {
+    UnlitVSOutput output; // result returned by this function
+    // Transform the vertex coordinates to homogeneous clip coordinates
+    //
+    // A more efficient algorithm would accept the world*view*projection
+    // tranformation as one uniform matrix and avoid the 2-stage product
+    // This will require a bit of restructuring of the application code.
+    //
+    output.position = mul(float4(input.position, 1.0), world); // local to world
+    output.position = mul(output.position, viewProjection);    //... to clip
+    // Determine the vector from this vertex to the viewer
+    output.toViewer = viewPoint.xyz - input.position;
+    // Determine the vector from this vertex to light source i in local space
+    // (assumes that light position and direction are specified in local space)
+    for (int i = 0; i < noLights; i++)
+        if (light[i].type == DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT)
+            output.toLight[i] = - light[i].direction;
+        else
+            output.toLight[i] = light[i].position - input.position;
+    // pass the normal and texture coordinates along unaltered
+    //
+    output.normal   = input.normal;
+    output.texCoord = input.texCoord;
+    return output;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: Fragment Shader
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// This fragment shader processes lighting for noLights lights in object space
+// and returns a pixel colour
+//
+float4 unlitFShader(UnlitFSInput input) : COLOR {
+    float4 output;        // result returned by this function
+    float3 normal;        // normal to the fragment
+    float3 toViewer;      // from fragment to the camera
+    float3 toLightSource; // from fragment to current light source
+    // lighting contribution accumulators
+    float3 ambientLight  = ambient.xyz;
+    float3 diffuseLight  = (float3)0;
+    float3 specularLight = (float3)0;
+    // lighting calculation factors
+    float  diffuseFactor, reflectFactor, distance, factor;
+    float  attenuationFactor, spotFactor, rho;
+    // normalize the fragment input
+    normal   = normalize(input.normal);
+    toViewer = normalize(input.toViewer);
+    // perform calculations for each light in turn
+    for (int i = 0; i < noLights && i < MLIGHTS; i++) {
+        if (lightOn[i]) {
+            // diffuse and reflection factors
+            toLightSource = normalize(input.toLight[i]);
+            diffuseFactor = saturate(dot(normal, toLightSource));
+            reflectFactor = saturate(dot(normalize(2 * diffuseFactor *
+             normal - toLightSource), toViewer));
+            // attenuation
+            if (light[i].type != DIRECTIONAL_LIGHT) {
+                distance = length(input.toLight[i]);
+                if (distance < light[i].range) {
+                    attenuationFactor = light[i].attenuation.x +
+                     light[i].attenuation.y * distance +
+                     light[i].attenuation.z * distance * distance;
+                    attenuationFactor = 1.0f / attenuationFactor;
+                }
+                else
+                    attenuationFactor = 0.0f;
+            }
+            else
+                attenuationFactor = 1.0f;
+            // spot
+            if (light[i].type == SPOT_LIGHT) {
+                rho = saturate(dot(toLightSource,
+                    normalize(-light[i].direction)));
+                if (rho <= light[i].spot.x)
+                    spotFactor = 0.0f;
+                else if (rho <= light[i].spot.y)
+                    spotFactor = pow(abs(
+                        (rho - light[i].spot.x)/
+                        (light[i].spot.y - light[i].spot.x)),
+                        light[i].spot.z);
+                else
+                    spotFactor = 1.0f;
+            }
+            else
+                spotFactor = 1.0;
+            factor = attenuationFactor * spotFactor;
+            // accumulate ambient, diffuse, and specular elements of light i
+            ambientLight  += factor * light[i].ambient.xyz;
+            diffuseLight  += factor * diffuseFactor * light[i].diffuse.xyz;
+            specularLight += factor * light[i].specular.xyz *
+             pow(reflectFactor, material.power);
+        }
+    }
+    // apply material reflectivity to each accumulated element of light
+    // to obtain the colour of the lit fragment
+    //
+    output.xyz =
+     saturate(material.ambient.xyz * ambientLight) +
+     saturate(material.diffuse.xyz * diffuseLight) +
+     saturate(material.specular.xyz * specularLight);
+    output.w = material.diffuse.w;
+    // sample the texture
+    //
+    if (texOn)
+        output *= tex2D(tex, input.texCoord);
+    return output;
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+: techniques - opaque and translucent
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+technique opaque {
+    pass {
+        AlphaBlendEnable = false;
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 unlitVShader();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 unlitFShader();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+technique translucent {
+    pass {
+        AlphaBlendEnable = true;
+        VertexShader = compile vs_3_0 unlitVShader();
+        PixelShader  = compile ps_3_0 unlitFShader();
+    }
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
 === To Do ===
-* reorganize framework code so that vertex shader receives product of world, view, and projection matrices
+=== Resources ===
-** store viewProjection matrix as an instance variable in Display
-** add viewProjection query to Display to extract product of view and projection matrices
-** retrieve viewProjection in *::draw() method
-** pre-multiply viewProjection by world to obtain composite matrix to pass to vertex shader
-** add composite matrix to the constant table in the vertex shader
-* reorganize framework code to minimize duplication of heading normalization
-** perform normalization of heading in Display::beginDraw()
-=== Resources ===
-== Week 5 - Feb 6 ==
+== Week 10 - Mar 18 ==
 === This Week ===
+* Texturing - Identification
+: connection between Design.cpp and effects.fx
+** iTexture.h
+:: add texture and texture state identifier
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+iTexture* CreateTexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
+ const char* isOn);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** Texture.h
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    Texture(const wchar_t*, const char*, const char*);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** Texture.cpp
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// constructor initializes the texture identifier
+//
+Texture::Texture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
+ const char* isOn) : filter(0u) {
+    if (file) {
+        int len = strlen(file);
+        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
+        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
+    }
+    else
+        this->file = nullptr;
+    tex    = nullptr;
+    #if   PIPELINE == FIXED_FUNCTION
+    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE
+    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE_EFFECT
+    textureHandle   = effect->GetParameterByName(0, str);
+    textureonHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, isOn);
+    #endif
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        effect->SetTexture(textureHandle, tex);
+        effect->SetBool(textureonHandle, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** iAPITexture.h
+:: add texture and texture state identifier
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+iAPITexture* CreateAPITexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
+ const char* isOn);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** APITexture.h
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    D3DXHANDLE textureHandle;   // points to texture
+    D3DXHANDLE textureonHandle; // points to texture on status
+public:
+    APITexture(const wchar_t*, const char*, const char*);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** APITexture.cpp
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// constructor initializes the texture identifier
+//
+APITexture::APITexture(const wchar_t* file, const char* str,
+ const char* isOn, AddressMode m) : filter(0u), mode(m) {
+    if (file) {
+        int len = strlen(file);
+        this->file = new wchar_t[len + 1];
+        strcpy(this->file, file, len);
+    }
+    else
+        this->file = nullptr;
+    tex    = nullptr;
+    target = nullptr;
+    #if   PIPELINE == FIXED_FUNCTION
+    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE
+    #elif PIPELINE == PROGRAMMABLE_EFFECT
+    textureHandle   = effect->GetParameterByName(0, str);
+    textureonHandle = effect->GetParameterByName(0, isOn);
+    #endif
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        effect->SetTexture(textureHandle, tex);
+        effect->SetBool(textureonHandle, true);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Texturing - Tiling
+: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb206245%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Texture Coordinates]
+** iGraphic.h
+:: add u v parameters, both of which default to 1
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+iGraphic* CreateBox(float, float, float, float, float, float,
+ float = 1, float = 1);
+iGraphic* CreateIBox(float, float, float, float, float, float,
+ float = 1, float = 1);
+iGraphic* CreateRectangleList(float, float, float, float,
+ float = 1, float = 1);
+iGraphic* CreateIRectangleList(float, float, float, float,
+ float = 1, float = 1);
+iGraphic* CreateMeshBox(float, float, float, float, float,
+ float, float = 1, float = 1);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** Graphic.cpp
+:: extend add functions to include u v parameters
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+//-------------------------------- Graphic Structures -------------------------
+//
+// prototypes for add() function used by the Create...() functions
+void add(VertexList<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&,
+ const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);
+void add(IndexedList<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&,
+ const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);
+void add(CustomMesh<Vertex>*, const Vector&, const Vector&, const Vector&,
+ const Vector&, const Vector&, float = 1, float = 1);
+// CreateBox builds a triangle vertex list for a brick-like box from two
+// extreme points one face at a time with all faces having the same attributes
+//
+iGraphic* CreateBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
+ float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {
+    VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList =
+     (VertexList<Vertex>*)CreateVertexList<Vertex>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 12);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2;
+    float y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
+    float z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    minz -= z;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    maxz -= z;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
+    vertexList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // locate centroid at origin
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
+           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
+           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
+           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
+           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
+    add(vertexList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
+    add(vertexList, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
+    add(vertexList, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
+    add(vertexList, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
+    add(vertexList, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
+    add(vertexList, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top
+    return vertexList;
+}
+iGraphic* CreateIBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
+ float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {
+    IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<Vertex>*)
+     CreateIndexedList<Vertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 12);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2;
+    float y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
+    float z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    minz -= z;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    maxz -= z;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
+    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // locate centroid at origin
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
+           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
+           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
+           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
+           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
+    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
+    add(indexedList, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
+    add(indexedList, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
+    add(indexedList, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
+    add(indexedList, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
+    add(indexedList, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top
+    return indexedList;
+}
+// CreateRectangleList builds a triangle list in the x-y plane from its two
+// extreme points
+//
+iGraphic* CreateRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
+ float u, float v) {
+    VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList =
+     (VertexList<Vertex>*)CreateVertexList<Vertex>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    vertexList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // locate centroid at origin
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
+    add(vertexList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
+    return vertexList;
+}
+// CreateIRectangleList builds an indexed triangle list in the x-y plane from
+// its two extreme points
+//
+iGraphic* CreateIRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
+ float u, float v) {
+    IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<Vertex>*)
+     CreateIndexedList<Vertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // locate centroid at origin
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
+    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
+    return indexedList;
+}
+// CreateIRectangleList builds an indexed triangle list in the x-y plane from
+// its two extreme points
+//
+iGraphic* CreateBRectangleList(float minx, float miny, float maxx, float maxy,
+ float u, float v) {
+    IndexedList<BumpVertex>* indexedList = (IndexedList<BumpVertex>*)
+     CreateIndexedList<BumpVertex, unsigned short>(TRIANGLE_LIST, 2);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    indexedList->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // locate centroid at origin
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, 0),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, 0),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, 0),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, 0);
+    add(indexedList, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v);
+    return indexedList;
+}
+// CreateMeshBox builds a mesh for a brick-like box from two extreme points one
+// face at a time with each faces having distinct attributes
+//
+iGraphic* CreateMeshBox(float minx, float miny, float minz, float maxx,
+ float maxy, float maxz, float u, float v) {
+    unsigned attribute[] = {0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5};
+    CustomMesh<>* mesh = (CustomMesh<>*)
+     CreateCustomMesh<Vertex, unsigned short>(attribute, 12, 36, 24, 6);
+    float x = (minx + maxx) / 2, y = (miny + maxy) / 2, z = (minz + maxz) / 2;
+    minx -= x;
+    miny -= y;
+    minz -= z;
+    maxx -= x;
+    maxy -= y;
+    maxz -= z;
+    // bounding sphere
+    float max;
+    max = maxx > maxy ? maxx : maxy;
+    max = maxz > max  ? maxz : max;
+    mesh->setRadius(1.73205f * max);
+    // one face at a time
+    Vector p1 = Vector(minx, miny, minz),
+           p2 = Vector(minx, maxy, minz),
+           p3 = Vector(maxx, maxy, minz),
+           p4 = Vector(maxx, miny, minz),
+           p5 = Vector(minx, miny, maxz),
+           p6 = Vector(minx, maxy, maxz),
+           p7 = Vector(maxx, maxy, maxz),
+           p8 = Vector(maxx, miny, maxz);
+    add(mesh, p1, p2, p3, p4, Vector(0, 0, -1), u, v); // front
+    add(mesh, p4, p3, p7, p8, Vector(1, 0,  0), u, v); // right
+    add(mesh, p8, p7, p6, p5, Vector(0, 0,  1), u, v); // back
+    add(mesh, p6, p2, p1, p5, Vector(-1, 0, 0), u, v); // left
+    add(mesh, p1, p4, p8, p5, Vector(0, -1, 0), u, v); // bottom
+    add(mesh, p2, p6, p7, p3, Vector(0, 1,  0), u, v); // top
+    return mesh;
+}
+void add(VertexList<Vertex>* vertexList, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
+ const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
+    vertexList->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
+}
+void add(IndexedList<Vertex>* indexedList, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
+ const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {
+    unsigned v1 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
+    unsigned v2 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
+    unsigned v3 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
+    unsigned v4 = indexedList->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
+    indexedList->add(v1);
+    indexedList->add(v2);
+    indexedList->add(v3);
+    indexedList->add(v1);
+    indexedList->add(v3);
+    indexedList->add(v4);
+}
+void add(CustomMesh<Vertex>* mesh, const Vector& p1, const Vector& p2,
+ const Vector& p3, const Vector& p4, const Vector& n, float u, float v) {
+    unsigned v1 = mesh->add(Vertex(p1, n, 0, v));
+    unsigned v2 = mesh->add(Vertex(p2, n, 0, 0));
+    unsigned v3 = mesh->add(Vertex(p3, n, u, 0));
+    unsigned v4 = mesh->add(Vertex(p4, n, u, v));
+    mesh->add(v1);
+    mesh->add(v2);
+    mesh->add(v3);
+    mesh->add(v1);
+    mesh->add(v3);
+    mesh->add(v4);
+}
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Texturing - Address Modes
+: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/bb206239%28v=vs.85%29.aspx Direct3D9 Addressing Modes]
+** APITexture.h
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    D3DXHANDLE textureMode;     // points to texture mode
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** APITexture.cpp
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+        effect->SetInt(textureMode, (int)mode);
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** effects.fx - uniform variables
+::
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+// Addressing Modes
+#define TEX_WRAP          0
+#define TEX_CLAMP         1
+#define TEX_MIRROR        2
+//...
+bool     tex_1_On;       // texture switch
+int      tex_mode;       // addressing mode
+texture  tex_1;
+sampler2D tex_1_ww = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_1>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = WRAP;
+    AddressV = WRAP;
+};
+sampler2D tex_1_mm = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_1>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = MIRROR;
+    AddressV = MIRROR;
+};
+sampler2D tex_1_cc = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_1>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = CLAMP;
+    AddressV = CLAMP;
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** effects.fx - fragment shader
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    // sample the texture
+    //
+    if (tex_1_On) {
+        if (tex_mode == TEX_CLAMP)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_1_cc, input.texCoord);
+        else if (tex_mode == TEX_WRAP)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_1_ww, input.texCoord);
+        else if (tex_mode == TEX_MIRROR)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_1_mm, input.texCoord);
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
+* Texturing - Multi-Texturing
+** effects.fx - uniform variables
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+bool     tex_2_On;       // texture switch
+texture  tex_2;
+sampler2D tex_2_ww = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_2>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = WRAP;
+    AddressV = WRAP;
+};
+sampler2D tex_2_mm = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_2>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = MIRROR;
+    AddressV = MIRROR;
+};
+sampler2D tex_2_cc = sampler_state {
+    texture = <tex_2>;
+    Filter = MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
+    AddressU = CLAMP;
+    AddressV = CLAMP;
+};
+</syntaxhighlight>
+** effects.fx - fragment shader
+:
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+    if (tex_2_On) {
+        if (tex_mode == TEX_CLAMP)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_2_cc, input.texCoord);
+        else if (tex_mode == TEX_WRAP)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_2_ww, input.texCoord);
+        else if (tex_mode == TEX_MIRROR)
+            output *= tex2D(tex_2_mm, input.texCoord);
+    }
+</syntaxhighlight>
 === To Do ===
 === Resources ===
-== Week 6 - Feb 13 ==
+<!--
+== Week 11 - Mar 25 ==
 === This Week ===
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+</syntaxhighlight>
 === To Do ===
 === Resources ===
+-->
+<!--
+== Week 12 - Apr 1 ==
+=== This Week ===
+<syntaxhighlight lang="cpp">
+</syntaxhighlight>
-== Week 7 - Feb 20 ==
-=== This Week ===
 === To Do ===
 === Resources ===
 -->

Difference between revisions of "GAM670/DPS905 Weekly Schedule 20121"

Latest revision as of 08:00, 21 March 2012

Contents

GAM670/DPS905 -- Weekly Schedule 20121

Week 1 - Jan 8

This Week

To Do

Resources

Week 2 - Jan 16

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To Do

Resources

Week 3 - Jan 23

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To Do

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Week 4 - Jan 30

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To Do

Resources

Week 5 - Feb 6

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To Do

Week 6 - Feb 13

This Week

Vertex Shader Programming

Fragment Shader

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Resources

Week 7 - Feb 20

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Week 8 - Mar 4

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Week 9 - Mar 11

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Week 10 - Mar 18

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