Changes

:* In this lab, you are going to install the Fedora (GNU/Linux Distribution) to your removable hard disk from your burned DVD.

You need :* Although this will be a number of hard disk partitions/physical volumes simple install, this Fedora Operating System will be a platform for this installation: '''/dev/sda1 other Virtual Machine Fedora installations (300Min future labs)'''. Therefore, '''/dev/sda2 extended partition'''it is very important that you take the time to carefully read and perform ALL steps, '''/dev/sda5 (300M)''', all created in Lab 1. '''You will create 4 new physical volumes during this lab'''and take time to check your work.

:* After performing the Fedora16 DVD installation, you will collect baseline information about your Fedora GNU/Linux system, do and perform some post installation configuration to prepare your system for the remainder of the labs, manipulate the GRUB configuration, and start using the system.

#To perform Perform a GNU/Linux installation using the Fedora 16 distribution#To perform boot time customization Investigate information during and configurationafter the Fedora 16 installation#To obtain network configuration from Perform an upgrade after a DHCP server#To secure the boot loader by adding password protection#To investigate GRUB boot loader configurationrecent installation

==Required Materials (Bring to All Labs)== * '''Fedora 16 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 Installation DVD ''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab(or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom Toaster).* '''SATA Hard Disk ''' (the same one used for Lab 1in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick ''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab1 Reference Sheet)''' (to make notes and observations).

* '''None ''' (First Lab)

:* [http://docs.fedoraproject.org/installen-guideUS/ Fedora Installation Guide]:* [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node16/Security.html#Security Protecting Grub]:* [http:/Installation_Guide/opensource.sgi.com/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO/grubconf.html Grub Details and Sample Config]:* [http://www.aspencrypt.com/crypto101_hash.html One-way Hash Function]:* [http://www.dedoimedo.com/computers/grub.html GRUB Tutorial]:* [http://www.securitystats.com/tools/password.php Password Security Fedora 16 Installation Guide]

{{Admon/important|Using Superuser Privilege|Throughout this course, you may need ==Investigation 1: How to execute commands using the privileges of the the administrative user (username "root", also called the "superuser"). To switch from your account to the root account, type the command: <code>su</code>Perform a Fedora DVD Install on Your Removable Hard Drive ==

After switching user notice and make note of # Insert your '''removable SATA hard disk''' into the change in drive tray.# Set your shell promptcomputer's drive selector switch to '''external''' (a.k. Also note a ''position #4'').# Power up the difference in output for computer and insert the <code>whoami<'''Fedora 16 Installation DVD''' into the CD/code> and <code>pwd</code> commandsDVD drive.# Wait until the Fedora DVD boots (could take a few moments).

{{Admon/important|Boot-up Issues (Fedora16) in Seneca'''Whenever this is required, make a note of its Computer labs|If for some reason, and determine why superuser privilege is required.'''the Fedora16 Installation DVD does not boot:

When you are finished using :* Restart the computer, and '''press the root account type exit function key F10 to return specify the device to your previous account. boot'''Avoid using (eg. DVD drive). :* If the superuser account unless absolutely necessaryuser is prompted for a password, because '''simply press ENTER''' (without typing any password) at the superuser account has unlimited privilege and a typo can destroy your systempassword prompt.:* '''You will need to perform this technique to ensure that Fedora boots from the hard drive (in future labs)'''.:* If you have tried this technique, and the Fedora Installation DVD does not boot, you may have to burn a new Fedora Installation DVD.|}}

In some documentation, you may see <ol> <li value="5">Note the time at the command beginning of your installation.<code/li>su - </codeli> used When the Fedora16 Installation DVD boots, it will prompt the user to test the media (i.e. DVD) for integrity. Since time is limited for installation in place the lab, select '''SKIP'''. On the other hand, if the install did not work, then you can test out the integrity of the DVD in the computer lab during your spare time.<code/li>su </codeli>Select the default language ('''English''') in the next install screen, and click '''Next'''. The dash argument causes <code/li>su </codeli> to go through Select the steps that would normally be performed when default '''keyboard layout''' and '''Basic Storage Devices''' in the root user logs in, including following installation screens.</li> <li>Set your hostname (1name of the computer) running the startup scripts (such as to <codebig>'''f16host'''</etcbig> (one word, no space, all lowercase).<br /profile>Record in your lab logbook why you think it is important to set your hostname to this exact name instead of using another name...</codeli> and <codeli>/root/Set your time zone to '''Toronto'''.bash_profile</codeli> <li'''>Root Password: enter a password of your own choosing'''. Pick one that is really, really hard to guess to protect your system. (Recommendation: use the first letter and (2all the punctuation from a favorite phrase or song verse. For example, "To be or not to be, that is the question!" could become the password "Tbontb,titq!") changing .</li> <li>Select '''Use All Space''', to have the root user's home directory (entire disk for the current Fedora16 OS.<code/li>/root </codeol>{{Admon/important|Previous Contents of Hard Drive will be Erased|If you are using an existing removable Hard Disk from a previous course, you must allow the Installation DVD to "wipe" all previous contents prior to proceeding with this lab (no exceptions).Failure to erase existing contents can cause problems in subsequent labs such as running out of hard disk space...|}}

Note {{Admon/important|Using Entire Hard Disk|You may be "hesitant" to want to use the entire disk for just one operating system, but we will be using software that the root userwill allow us to run virtual machines for other Fedora installs (while your host system called ''s home directory (<code>/root</code>) is 'f16host'not'' the same as the root directory of the system (<code>/</code>). It is also in a different directory than the rest of the home directories, which are typically in <code>/home</code> -- the reason for this is that <code>/home</code> is sometimes on a network filesystem shared by another server (as is the case on Matrixrunning), and it's important that the system administrator be able to log in to the system even if the network is not operating normally.|

# Insert <ol> <li value="13">When prompted, make certain to select '''Fresh Install''' in order to erase any previous contents of the hard disk.</li> <li>You will be prompted to confirm the options that you have chosen prior to performing the DVD install. If you are not certain, you can "Go Back". As soon as you are satisfied with your selections, then click '''Write Changes to Disk'''.</li> <li>Record briefly in your lab logbook what activity occurs during this installation process.</li> <li>Select in the next screen the '''Graphical Desktop''' applications, and secure in the additional repositories section (at the bottom) accept the default settings, then proceed.</li> <li>Add in your SATA hard disk lab logbook a brief description of the term "software repository" and what its major purpose serves (what you think it does). We will not add any existing repositories since we are not currently connected to the removable disk slotInternet. Therefore, we will customize the repositories later.</li> <li>'''Proceed with the installation. This may take some time'''. Record in your lab log-book the <u>general</u> steps in the installation process (displayed in the dialog box).</li># Power up <li>When installation is complete, a screen will confirm completion, and ask the user to remove the DVD, and reboot the computer.Write in your lab log-book the time it took to perform this DVD Fedora install.</li> <li>Remove the Fedora Installation DVD, and click '''Reboot'''.</li></ol> {{Admon/important|Boot-up Issues (Fedora16) in Seneca's Computer labs|Each time you boot from your removable hard drive:

===Investigation 1 - How do you manually create :* '''Press the function key F10 and specify the hard disk partitions?===device to boot'''<br />(eg. SATA drive). :* If the user is prompted for a password, '''simply press ENTER''' <br />(without typing any password) at the password prompt.}}

* Enter <ol> <li value="21">When the system starts, set or accept the command time and date default.</li> <codeli>fdisk -l Create a user account for yourself using the same name as your learn account, and create a suitable password (do not forget password!).</devli> <li>Normally, you would want to enable '''Network Time Protocol''', but since we will be experimenting with the networking turned off in later labs, '''leave it disabled'''.</sdali> <li> Click on '''Do Not Send Hardware Profile'''.</codeli> <li> Finish the post-installation customization, wait for the login screen to appear, and then login to your computer account and describe the output in your log bookcreated (i.e. your name). The output may be similar </li> <li>Proceed to the following:Investigation 2</li> </ol>

Disk /dev/sda: 12.0 GB, 12072517632 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 1467 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System ...* Read and study this [http:'''Answer the Investigation 1 observations //tldp.org/HOWTO/Partition/fdisk_partitioning.html reading] about how to use the fdisk command before you go on to the next step.* Review the man page for the fdisk commandquestions in your lab log book.'''

{{Admon/caution | Important/warning! | The following operation will erase the contents of your hard disk. If you have any useful data stored on your disk, you must back it up first or use another hard disk that does not contain useful data on it. Do not plan on sharing the hard disk with the Windows course! You will be doing lots of tasks that may cause you to lose your data.}}# Enter the command fdisk /dev/sda to start the hard disk partition program.# At the fdisk command prompt, enter the letter '''p''' to print out the current partition table of the hard disk. If there are any partitions, use the '''d''' option to delete all of them, starting with the highest partition number first.# At the fdisk command prompt, use the '''n''' and '''t''' commands to create these three partitions==Investigation 2: /dev/sda1 - 300MB (primary, Linux Native) /dev/sda2 - the rest of the hard disk (extended) /dev/sda5 - 300MB (logical, Linux Native) * Use the '''p''' option the display the new partition How many file packages and record it in your log book.* Remember to use the '''w''' option to write the new partitions information instead of the '''q''' option to quit without saving.* Enter the command fdisk /dev/sda again, and view the partition table to confirm that the partitions were properly created.* Exit files are installed on the fdisk prompt.* Logout and restart Fedora.system?==

Answer '''For the Investigation 1 question rest of the tasks in this lab, you must login to your installed Fedora system using your Learn account, open a terminal and execute the following listed Linux commands to obtain information for your lab log book-logbook''' (lab1). If you get a Permission Denied message when trying to execute a command, then switch to the '''superuser''' account by running the command '''su -''' and type in your password for "root" (since you are the main administrator for your Fedora system). Once the intended command is executed, type "exit" to exit from the superuser account and return to your regular Learn account.

{{Admon/note important| Installation Time Using Superuser Privilege| The installation process will take about 15 minutes Throughout this course, you may need to complete when execute commands using DVD. Click the Reboot button on privileges of the the administrative user (username "root", also called the screen "superuser"). To switch from your account to reboot the system after root account, type the installation is complete. There is a post installation setup after boot.}}command: <code>su</code>

# Insert the Fedora 16 x86_64 Installation DVD into the DVD drive.# Reboot the system.# After booting from the Installation DVD, at the Welcome Screen choose "Install or upgrade an existing system" to launch the Graphical installation program and select the following options (you can use the media test to verify that your DVD burned correctly -- It will take some time -- otherwise, skip it):#* Language - English#* Keyboard Configuration - U.S. English#* Type of devices: Basic Storage Devices#* There should only be one storage drive listed - select it#* If you get a warning that the drive may need to be initialized, it '''Whenever this is because your drive is new and contains no partitition table. Select "Re-Initialize"#* Set your hostname to - f16host (one wordrequired, no space, all lowercase)#* Root Password: enter make a password note of your own choosing. Pick one that is really, really hard to guess to protect your system. (Recommendation: use the first letter and all the punctuation from a favorite phrase or song verse. For exampleit, "To be or not to be, that is the question!" could become the password "Tbontb,titq!").#* Disk Partition Setup - Specify a Custom Layout, and then set up the installation with this configuration:#** Find your existing 300MB partition (/dev/sda1). Edit this entry so that the mountpoint is /boot and determine why superuser privilege is formatted as an ext3 filesystem.#** Don't touch the other existing 300M partition (/dev/sda5).#** Create 4 new LVM Physical Volumes that are 25000 MB in size. Set the File System Type to Physical Volume (LVM). Should be /dev/sda6 to /dev/sda9.#** Create an LVM Volume Group. Set the Volume Group Name to '''vg_main''' and set the Physical Extent size to '''4MB'''.#** Click on the Add button (within the "Make LVM Volume Group" window) to create a logical volume within that volume group:#*** Mount point / (root), filesystem type ext4, logical volume name '''root''', size 90000MB.#* Say yes to continue without a swap partition.#* Say yes to format /dev/sda1.#* Accept Boot Loader defaults.#* Accept Graphical Desktop and repository defaults.# Proceed with the installationrequired. '''Note how long it takes to perform the installation.'''# Reboot using the controls on the screen. When the system starts, it will ask you some final configuration questions.#* Check the License Agreement. What license is used for the Fedora distribution? What activities do have restrictions and obligations?#* Create a user account for yourself using the same name as your learn account.#* Set date and time. Normally, you would want to enable Network Time Protocol, but since we will be experimenting with the networking turned off in later labs, leave it disabled.#* Click on Do Not Send Hardware Profile.#* Finish the post-installation customization, wait for the login screen to appear, and then login to your Learn account.

Answer When you are finished using the Investigation 2 questions in root account type exit to return to your lab log bookprevious account.'''Avoid using the superuser account unless absolutely necessary, because the superuser account has unlimited privilege and a typo can destroy your system.'''

{{AdmonIn some documentation, you may see the command <code>su -</tip|Forcing the Resolution on the Projector|The podium computers code> used in the lab rooms are connected to a video splitterplace of <code>su</code>. This splitter then connects The dash argument causes <code>su</code> to both go through the LCD screen on steps that would normally be performed when the podium and the projector at the front of the room. Howeverroot user logs in, the splitter prevents the computer from successfully querying the LCD or screen to find the supported resolutions, and Fedora therefore selects a very low including (safe1) resolution. If you are using a podium system, you can force running the native 1680x1050 resolution of the LCD display using [http:startup scripts (such as<code>/etc/profile</code> and <code>/root/matrix.senecac.on.cabash_profile</~chris.tylercode> and (2) changing to the root user's home directory (<code>/fedora-scriptsroot</1680x1050 this script]code>).}}

===Investigation 3: How many files packages and files Note that the root user's home directory (<code>/root</code>) is ''not'' the same as the root directory of the system (<code>/</code>). It is also in a different directory than the rest of the home directories, which are installed typically in <code>/home</code> -- the reason for this is that <code>/home</code> is sometimes on a network filesystem shared by another server (as is the case on Matrix), and it's important that the system?===administrator be able to log in to the system even if the network is not operating normally.}}

Record Navigate through your Graphical Fedora system, '''locate and run a terminal program (in order to issue Linux commands). Issue and record the commands used and the output generated in each of the following steps:'''

# To find all the mount points, enter the command: <code>mount</code>#* Study the output and record all the mount points in your log book.# The name of the installation log file is <code>/root/install.log</code> -- It is an ASCII file (how can you be sure?) and which can be viewed with the <code>less</code> command.

#* :: <code>grep ________________ /root/install.log | wc -l</code># <ol> <li value="3">Using the <code>rpm</code> command: you can also use the following commands to list all the installed packages, and the total number of packages installed:</li></ol>#* :: <code>rpm -q -a</code>#* :: <code>rpm -q -a | wc -l</code>#* :: <code>rpm -qa | wc -l</code># <ol> <li value="4">The <code>-q</code> option means query, and the <code>-a</code> option means all (in other words, query all installed software packages). Did you get the same number of packages from the above two methods?</li># <li>Some of the files on your system were installed with the software packages, and some were created by system activity (for example, by creating your Learn account and by logging in). If you know the package name (from the <code>install.log</code>), you can list all the files that were installed from the package by using the following command:</li></ol>#* :: <code>rpm -q -l package_name</code># <ol> <li value="6">This combines the <code>-q</code> (query) option with the <code>-l</code> (list filenames) option.</li># <li>You can pipe the outupt through <code>wc -l</code> to count the number of lines:</li></ol>#* :: <code>rpm -ql package_name| wc -l</code># <ol> <li value="8">Using what you learned in steps 3, 4, and 8, get a count of the total number of files installed by all of the software packages on your system.</li># <li>To find out the name that you have assigned to your Linux system, enter the command: <code>hostname</code></li># <li>To find out the kernel version of your GNU/Linux workstation and the date it was created, enter the command: <code>uname -r</code></li># <li>To find out all the system processes running on your GNU/Linux workstation, enter the command: <code>ps -ef</code></li># <li>To capture the list of all the system processes to a file called <code>ps.lst</code>, enter the command: <code>ps -ef > ps.lst''</code></li># <li>Copy the installation log file <code>/root/install.log</code> and the file ps.lst to a USB memory key, or scp to your matrix account as a backup.</li> {{Admon/tip |Updating Fedora|The Fedora 16 software is updated frequently <li>View the section below to add features, fix bugs, learn about and upgrade security. Perform a system perform an update on your fresh Fedora16 install (you may have to get the latest versions of the packages installed in Fedora: Start the Firefox web browser, turn off popup window blocking (select find spare time to perform this install if you are running short on lab time). ''Edit>Preferences'', then select the Content tab and uncheck the box to Block Popups), then login to SeneNET. Open a terminal and type Do <codeu>sunot</codeu> proceed to start a shell as rootInvestigation 3 without performing an update'''. Enter the command <code/li>yum update</codeol> This will download and install all of the packages that have been updated since the installation DVD image was created. If you complete this command at Seneca it should run quite fast as Seneca College hosts a Fedora Repository mirror (a copy of all of the current fedora packages, on a local web server).}}

=== Investigation 4{{Admon/tip |Updating Fedora|The Fedora 16 software is updated frequently to add features, fix bugs, and upgrade security. '''Perform a system update to get the latest versions of the packages installed in Fedora: What is Start the Firefox web browser, turn off popup window blocking (select ''Edit>Preferences'', then select the Content tab and uncheck the box to Block Popups), then login to SeneNET. Open a terminal and type <code>su</code> to start a shell as root. Enter the command <code>yum update</code>''' This will download and install all of the packages that have been updated since the installation DVD image was created. If you complete this command at Seneca it should run quite fast as Seneca College hosts a Fedora Repository mirror (a copy of all of the current fedora packages, on a runlevel? ===local web server).}}

After '''Answer the kernel boots, it starts a single program, called <code>init<Investigation 2 observations /code>questions in your lab log book. A running instance of a program is called a '''process''' -- the init process always has a process ID (PID) of 1. All other processes on the system are started by init, or they are started by processes started by init.

Most current Linux systems use some variation of the init system originally developed for Unix System V (called "sysvinit") or a newer version called "upstart". These systems employ the concept of "runlevels" -- groups of software that can be selected, so that the system can be run in various modes. In Fedora systems, these runlevels are used: {|class="mediawiki" border="1"!Runlevel!Description|-|0|Halt (powers off the system)|-|1|Single-user maintenance mode, network not running, character-mode display|-|2|''Not normally used - originally meant: Multi-user mode, network not running, character-mode display''|-|Investigation 3|Multi-user mode, network running, character-mode display|-|4|''Not normally used''|-|5|Multi-user mode, network running, graphical user interface|-|6|Reboot|} {{Admon/note|Different runlevel systems|Various Linux distributions may use the runlevel numbers differently. For example, on some Debian/Ubuntu systems, the default (standard) runlevel is 2.}} In order to implement runlevels, init uses a configuration file and a number of script files: * <code>/etc/inittab</code> is the configuration file, which sets the default runlevel.* <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code> is a directory of scripts. In order to determine which of the startup scripts should be executed in each runlevel, the one directory per runlevel is created (<code>/etc/rc.d/rc'''X'''.d</code>, where '''X''' is the runlevel). This directory is filled with symbolic links to the startup scripts in <code>/etc/rc.d/init.d</code> # To find out the value of the runlevel your GNU/Linux system goes into after boot, enter the command: <code>grep initdefault /etc/inittab</code># You should get a single line containing ":" as the field delimiter. The second field stores the value of the runlevel the init process will use after a reboot. Record the output in your log book.# A list of processes that should be running at a given runlevel can be found in the directory <code>/etc/rc.d/rc'''X'''.d</code> where '''X''' is the runlevel. Do a directory listing of that directory and study what files are in there. Pay attention to the first three characters of each file name. They have special meaning to the system. Record your observation in your log book.# Make a backup of the file /etc/inittab with the command: <code>cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab.original</code># Edit the file <code>/etc/inittab</code> and change the default runlevel to 3. Save the change and reboot your system.# After the reboot, you should get a "Text Login Screen". Login with your Learn account and type startx at the command prompt. Describe what happens in your log book.# Enter the command: <code>runlevel</code> -- this shows the previous and current runlevel. Record the values in your book.  Answer the Investigation 4 questions in your lab log book. === Investigation 5: What is the network configuration? ===

#* '''ifconfig'''#* '''route'''#* '''netstat -rn'''#* '''nslookup ''' (at the > prompt, enter the word "server" (do not type the quotes) and record the output. Type exit to leave nslookup).<br /><br />

#* '''MAC address ''' (physical or hardware address) of the ethernet network interface#* '''The IP address ''' (logical address) assigned by the DHCP server#* '''The default route ''' (gateway)#* '''The DNS nameserver Answer the Investigation 5 questions in your lab log book. === Investigation 6: How do You Secure the Grub Boot Loader? ==='''

{{Admon/caution|Duplicate UUIDs|Before proceeding, use '''Answer the <code>mount</code> command to check to see which filesystem is mounted on the mount point <code>/boot</code>. If it is <code>Investigation 3 observations /dev/sda5</code>, it is the wrong filesystemquestions in your lab log book. This may be caused by a duplication of serial numbers which is the result of Lab 1; you can fix this problem with this series of commands: mkdir /media/sda5 /tmp/sda5-files umount /dev/sda5 mount /dev/sda5 /media/sda5 cp -v -R /media/sda5/* /tmp/sda5-files umount /dev/sda5 mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda5 mount /dev/sda5 /media/sda5 cp -v -R /tmp/sda5-files/* /media/sda5 rm -rf /tmp/sda5-files mount -a}}'''

{{Admon/important|Do not lose = Completing the GRUB password|If you lose the GRUB password you will not be able to change boot parameters when you boot the system. If you need to write it down, put it in a safe place, where no one will be able to tell what it is for.}}Lab =

# Choose a suitable password. # Open the grub program by typing the command: <code>grub</code># At the grub prompt, type in '''Check off the command: <code>md5crypt</code># When prompted for a password, carefully type in following items before asking your password. The program will display the encrypted hash of instructor to check your password. Carefully write down that encrypted hash generated by the program.# Type the commandlab: <code>quit</code> to exit the grub program.# Open the grub configuration file, <code>/etc/grub.conf</code> for editing. (This file is actually linked to /boot/grub/grub.conf).# Carefully add the line: <code>password --md5 ''password-hash''</code> (note: ''password-hash'' is the hash you generated with md5crypt) Place this line between the splashimage line and the title line. If there are other lines there, there is no need to remove them. Just insert your password line as a new line.# Make sure you have not made a mistake. What you type in must match exactly the output from the md5crypt command.# While you are editing the file you should also increase the timeout for grub to automatically boot the default OS. Edit the line <code>timeout=0</code> to <code>timeout=5</code> to give us more time to interrupt the process.# You should also ensure that the grub boot menu is not hidden. Add a hash sign (<code>#</code>) to the start of the line which reads: <code>hiddenmenu</code># Save the file and exit. Your Grub boot loader is now password protected.# Find the section of [http://fedorasolved.org/post-install-solutions/runlevel this article] that explains how to change the runlevel at boot time, and read it. Reboot your system, trying to change to runlevel 1 from the boot prompt, and see if the password protection worked.# From now on, when you want to change boot parameters when you boot, you must type lowercase <code>p</code> at the boot prompt and enter the required password.

Check off the following '''Arrange evidence for each of these items before asking on your screen, then ask your instructor to check your review them and sign off on the lab's completion:'''

* '''Name and contact information on your disk pack''' 

== Preparing for the Quizzes ==