|colspan="1" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 2 Lecture 1 Notes:<br>[https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murrayuli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-2.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 2 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.saulca/uli101/slides/ULI101-Week22.2.pdf PDF] | [https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101slides/ULI101-Week22.2.pptx PPTX]</li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[http://www.cheat-sheets.org/saved-copy/Nano_Cheat_Sheet.pdf Nano Reference Sheet (PDF)]</li><li>[https://www.smashingmagazine.com/2010/05/vi-editor-linux-terminal-cheat-sheet-pdf Vi Reference Sheet (PDF)]</li><li>[http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture2.html Les Czegel's Week 2 Notes (HTML)]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |'''File Management:'''

| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''Text Editors /<br>File Content:'''

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfAFAipked0&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=3 Basic File Actions<br>(touch, ls -l, cp, cp -r, mv, mkdir, mkdir -p, rm, rmdir, rm -r)]</ul>

[[Image:directory-structure-1.png|thumb|right|350px|In Unix / Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', or '''D:''').<br><br> All files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called "the '''root''' directory".<br><br>A path points to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy''' expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The '''delimiting character''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").]]In order to make your home directory more To better '''organizedorganize''', files (eg. text, images, documents, spreadsheets, programs) are within your Matrix account, they should be stored in '''directories'''. To further organize <u>many</u> files, directories<br> may contain '''sub-directories'''.  The Unix/Linux file system is '''hierarchical''', similar to like other operating systems such as '''Windows''', '''Mac OSXmacOS''', etc. To further organize <u>many<In Unix /u> filesLinux (as opposed to Windows), there are no drive letters (such as '''C:''', directories may contain sub-directoriesor '''D:''').

In Unix / Learning how to issue Linux (as opposed to MS Windows), there are no drive letters (such as commands for '''C:navigating''', or and '''D:manipulating'''). All directory and files and directories appear under a single ancestor directory called within the the "Linux filesystem are '''essential skills''' for Linux users and Linux system administrators (i.e. 'root directory'sysadmins''").

Learning how to issue In the Linux commands for navigating (Unix) OS, the Linux filesystem and manipulating "'''root directory'''" / is the starting directory , and files are other "''child directories'essential skills'", "'' for Linux users and administrators'grandchild directories'''", etc. can be created as required. The hierarchical structure resembles an "''upside-down tree''".

In the Linux (Unix) OS, the "'''root directory'''" / is the starting directory, and other "''child directories''", "'''grandchild directories'''", etc. can be created as required. The hierarchical structure resembles an "''upside-down tree''". There is actually a command called '''<code>tree''' </code> that displays a "'''directory tree diagram'''"!<br><br>

<i>A '''pathname''' is used to specify a points'''route to a file''' within the file system.<br>A pathname points to a file system location by '''following the directory tree hierarchy''' expressed in a string of characters in which path components, separated by a delimiting character, represent each directory. The '''delimiting character''' is most commonly the slash ("'''/'''").<'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/i>wiki/Path_(computing)

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(computing)  The following table displays and defines '''commonly used directories<br>''' (listed by directory pathname) for for ALL Unix / Linux Filesystems:<br> Please take a few moments to review these pathnames.<br><br>

</td></tr></table><br>  When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your '''home''' directory.<br>This directory is where the user can store files, and create subdirectories to organize their files.

You will now learn When you log into your Matrix account, you are automatically directed to your '''createhome''' directory. This directory is where the user can store files, and '''manage''' directories in the next sectioncreate subdirectories to organize their files.<br><br>

<br>In this investigation, you will learn how to '''create''', '''navigate''', '''list directory contents''' and '''remove''' directories in your Matrix account. 

Before you learn how to create directories, it is important to understand what represents an appropriate '''directory filename'''.

Creating subdirectories within your home directory makes it more '''efficient''' to<br>save and access files on your Linux server.

A comparison would be rooms in a '''house'''. If there were no rooms, just one large room in a 3,000 square foot house, it would be "messy" and difficult to locate items. Each '''room''' in a house is used to for a '''specific purpose ''' to be more productive to perform a task such as a kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, etc.

You will be creating the following '''directory structure''' within your home directory<br>(refer to diagram on the right side).

'''Perform NOTE:''' For several of the following commands, you will be using '''<u>your</u> Seneca username''' to replace the Following Stepstext:"'''your-seneca-id'''" in a pathname.

'''NOTE: For a few of the following commands, you will be using '''<u>your</u> Seneca username''' to replace pathnames that contain the text:<br>"'''your-seneca-id'''" For example, if your Seneca user ID was "'''mkhan'''" then you would display<br>the pathname '''/home/your-seneca-id''' as: '''/home/mkhan'''<br><br>

# '''Login''' to your matrix account(you should know how to do this from performing [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 1].<br><br># Issue a command to '''confirm''' that you are located in your home directory<br>(You you should know how to do this from the previous tutorial)performing [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_2:_USING_THE_LINUX_SHELL Tutorial 1 INVESTIGATION 2]<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br>(remember: use <u>your</u> Seneca username instead of "your-seneca-id")<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should always confirm that you have created a directory.<br>This can be done by issuing the '''ls ''' command.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-4.png|thumb|right|350px|'''Creating''' and '''Confirming''' the Creation of a Directory.]]

# Issue the following Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld /home/your-seneca-id/acp100xx /home/your-seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''Using a FULL pathname starting from the root directory (i.e. /) requires is a LOT of typing!.<br>Since we are already located in our home directory, we don't have to start from<br>the root directory . This is called a "relative" pathname.'''<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command to create the directories called '''notes''', '''tutorials''' and '''examplessamples''':<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir notes tutorials examplessamples</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to confirm that those directories have been created<br>(you should already know how to do this).<br><br>There are better ways to create the same directory structure without using the '''cd''' command.<br><br>Using Issuing the '''cd''' command '''<u>prior </u>''' to issuing other commands tend indicates to show others that you are a novice or "'''newbie'''".<br>You can also actually '''lose marks''' on quizzes or tests if you issue multiple Linux commands to performed tasks that can be performed<br>using a single Linux command with '''pathnames'''.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to confirm that you are now located in your home directory.<br><br>Although we will teach you how to '''remove''' directories and their contents in another sectioninvestigation,<br>let's remove the created directory structure' and '''recreate''' the same directory structure<br>using just <u>one</u> command using pathnames.<br><br>

# Issue a Linux command to confirm that the '''uli101xx''', '''acp100xx''' and '''xyz100xx''' that directories have been removed.<br><br># Issue the following single Linux command to create the entire directory structure:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mkdir -p uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/examples samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''-p''' option allows "parent" directories to be automatically created first to then create their subdirectories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm that all of the directories have been created:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -ld uli101xx/ uli101xx/notes uli101xx/tutorials uli101xx/examples samples acp100xx xyz100xx</span>

<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check checks pass, then user performed task correctly and can continue.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></table>

# Issue the following Linux command to run a checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-1</span><br><br># If you encounter errors, then view the feedback to make corrections, and then re-run the checking script. If you receive a congratulation message that there are no errors, then proceed to the next sectionpart.

Now that you have learned how to efficiently create your directory structure, you will now learn how to issue Linux commands <br>to '''view directory contents''' as well as '''copy''' and '''move''' directories.

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should see the directory structure that you created in the previous sectioninvestigation. You can also issue the '''tree ''' command using a directory pathname to display the directory structure for a specific scope.<br><br>You can also use the '''-R''' option for the '''ls ''' command to display all directories and subdirectories for a specified directory path (referred to as a '''recursive directory listing''').<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -lR uli101xxxuli101xx</span><br><br>Note the differences between both of these commands(i.e. using and <u>not</u> using a pathname).<br><br>You can copy and move entire directories (and their contents) to other directories.<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:directory-structure-7.png|thumb|right|250px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm copy of '''uli101xx''' directory (and contents) to the '''xyzxxxyz100xx''' directory.]]</td><td>[[Image:directory-structure-8.png|thumb|right|300px|Output of the '''tree''' command to confirm movement of '''acp100 directory''' directory (and contents) to the '''xyzxyz100xx''' diredtory.]]</td></tr></table>

#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied the uli101xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree </span><br><br><br><br><br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv acp100xx xyz100xyz100xx/uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br>#Issue the following Linux command to display the directory structure of your home directory to confirm you copied moved the uli101 acp100xx directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tree </span><br><br>Let's download and run a checking script to see if you moved and copied the directories correctly.<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command run checking script:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-2</span><br><br># If you encounter errors . make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next sectioninvestigation.<br><br>

In this sectioninvestigation, we will learn how to '''safely remove''' directories and their contents.

# Issue the following Linux command to remove the empty directory called '''uli101/tutorials''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx/tutorials</span><br><br># Issue a command to confirm that you removed the '''tutorials''' directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the empty directory called '''uli101uli101xx''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rmdir /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br>NOTE: You should get an '''error message''', since the '''uli101uli101xx''' directory is '''NOT''' empty.<br><br>To remove non-empty directories, you can use the '''rm -r''' command.<br>The '''-r''' option stands for recursive, which can travel down the directory paths and their contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to remove the '''uli101uli101xx''' directory and its contents: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -r /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xx</span><br><br># Issue the '''tree''' command to confirm that the uli101 uli101xx directory (contained in your home directory) and its contents have been removed.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To <u>safely</u> remove non-empty directories, you can add the '''-i''' option which will prompt the user if they wish to remove contents as it your travel recursively down a directory to remove directories and their contents.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command (entering "y" when prompted): <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm -ri /home/your-seneca-id/xyz100xx</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should have removed all directories that you have created.<br><br>Let's download and run a checking script to see if confirm that you have correctly removed all of the those directories that you earlier created.<br><br># Make certain that your current directory is Issue the '''your home directorytree'''command to confirm that all of those recently created directories have been removed.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to run a checking scriptto confirm removal of those directories: <br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">bash /home/murray.saul/scripts~uli101/week2-check-3</span><br><br># If you encounter errors , make corrections and re-run the checking script until you receive a congratulations message, and proceed to the next INVESTIGATION.<br><br>

<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:nano-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|250px|The '''Nano Text Editor''' is Easy to Operate for Novice Users.]]</td><td>[[Image:vi-text-editor-1.png|thumb|right|300px|The Vi Text Editor, although taking longer to master, has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productive.]]</td></tr></table><br>Since IT students will be working in the Unix / Linux command line environment, it is useful to learn a least a couple of command-line '''text editors'''.  Although '''programming students''' can use '''graphical IDE's''' to code and compile programs, they can '''create source code''' using a text editor in the Linux system, and '''compile their source code''' in the '''Matrix''' server to generate executable programs (without having to transfer them for compilation or execution).

'''Networking and Tech Support students''' would find can use a text editor useful to '''edit configuration files'''. These students in upper grades will become familiar with the process of installing, configuring, and running network services and text editors are an important tools<br>to help setup but also "tweak" or make '''periodic changes in networking services configuration'''.

A general rule is for a student to '''expose themselves to a number of different text editors and then use one that they feel most comfortable working with'''. The two most readily-available command line text editors in Linux are '''Nano''' and '''vi'''. The Nano text editor would seem like an easier-to-use text editor, but vi (although taking longer to learn) has outstanding features and allow the user to be more productivewith editing text files.<br><br>

<table align="right"><tr><td>[[Image:directory-structure-10.png|right|250px|thumb|]]</td><td>[[Image:nano-text-editor-2.png|right|450px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]</td></tr></table> You will now learn basic editing skills using the '''Nano ''' text editor including '''creating''', '''editing''', and '''saving''' text files.

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br>[[Image:directory-structure-10.png|right|150px|thumb|]]# '''Create ''' the following directory structure (displayed on the right side) by issuing a '''single Linux command '''<br>(You should know how to perform do this taskfrom the previous INVESTIGATION).<br><br># Issue a Linux command to check that you correctly created those directories.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to edit a text file called '''mytext.txt''' in the '''linux/practice''' directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">nano /home/your-seneca-id/uli101xxtextedit/practice/mytext.txt</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' When using the '''Nano''' text editor, you are placed in '''INPUT''' mode, so you can enter text immediately.<br><br>[[Image:nano-text-editor-2.png|right|400px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]# Enter the lines shown in the other diagram of the nano text editor on the right side.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of the most common '''Nano ''' navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard CombinationKey(s)</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBAR&gt;''',<br>'''&lt;esc&gt;&lt;6&gt;'''</td><td>Move forward /backward one word</td></tr><trvalign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;a&gt;''',<br>'''&lt;escctrl&gt;&lt;SPACEBARe&gt;'''</td><td>Move back one wordto beginning/end of line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;k&gt;'''</td><td>Cut line</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;esc&gt;^6'''</td><td>Copy Line ('''Note</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''' to get '''^''' character, type '''&lt;shiftctrl&gt;&lt;u&gt;6''', <u>not</utd> <ctrltd>)Paste Cut/Copied Text</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;ug&gt;'''</td><td>Paste Cut/Copied TextDisplay help screen (ctrl-x to exit help screen)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;gx&gt;'''</td><td>Display help screen (ctrl-x to Save editing changes and exit help screen)</td></tr></table><br>

# You will be prompted to modify your file: type the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">y</span> for '''yyes''' for yes.<br><br># The name of the file will be displayed: press , Press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ENTER</span>.to save editing changes for that file name.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' This prompt for file name allows you to change the name of the file if you wish.<br>By pressing '''ENTER''', it will accept the default filename.<br><br># Practice Perform some more editing operations based on the file ( using the command in editing chart above.<br><br># '''Save'step 2'' ) and perform more editing operations,<br>and then save your editing session and '''exit ''' your text editor.<br><br>

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to edit a text file called '''othertext.txt''' in the '''linux/practice''' directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">vi textedit/practice/othertext.txt</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' When using the '''vi''' text editor, you are placed in '''COMMAND''' mode,<br>so you need to issue a command to switch to ''INPUT'' mode.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-a.png|right|200px|thumb|Enter the following text that appears in this diagram.]]# Type the following key to enter ''INPUT'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">i</span><br><br>You should notice you are in ''INSERT'' mode by seeing the notification '''-- INSERT --'''<br>at the bottom left-hand side of the application screen.<br><br># Enter the line shown in the other diagram of the vi text editor on the right side.<br><br># While on the first line, press the following key to enter ''COMMAND'' mode: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ESC</span><br><br>You should see the ''-- INSERT --'' notification disappear indicating that you are in ''COMMAND'' mode.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Refer to the table below for a list of<br>the most common '''vi''' ('''vim''') navigation &amp; editing commands:<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Key(s)</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''i'''</td><td>Enter '''INPUT''' mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''&lt;esc&gt;'''</td><td>Return to '''COMMAND''' MODE</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''x'''</td><td>Delete text to the right in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''W'''</td><td>Move forward one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''B'''</td><td>Move back one word in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''dd'''</td><td>Cut line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''yy'''</td><td>Copy Line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''p / P'''</td><td>Paste Cut/Copied Text below/above line in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">'''u'''</td><td>Undo previous editing command</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''':help'''</td><td>Display help screen in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''':x'''</td><td>Save editing changes and exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''':w name'''</td><td>Save editing changes to "name" in COMMAND mode</td></tr><tr><td style="font-family:courier">''':q!'''</td><td>Abort editing session and exit (in COMMAND mode)</td></tr></table><br>Once you can get used to working in INPUT and COMMAND mode, it is easier to perform<br>text editing operations in '''vi''' via ''COMMAND'' mode as opposed to nano!<br><br># Type the following keys to <u>copy</u> the current line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">yy</span><br><br># Type the following key to <u>paste</u> the copied line: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">p</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">u</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">3p</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-b.png|right|200px|thumb|Use a combination of '''arrow''' keys and the '''w''' and '''b''' keys while in COMMAND mode to change the correct words for the '''third''' and '''fourth''' lines.]]# Use the up or down '''arrow''' keys to move to the second line.<br><br># Type either the '''w''' and/or '''b''' keys to move the cursor to the beginning of the word: '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''x''' keys to remove the word called '''first'''.<br><br># Type the '''i''' key to enter INSERT mode.<br><br># Type the word: '''second'''<br><br># Press the '''ESC''' key to enter COMMAND mode.<br><br># Repeat steps '''11''' to '''16''' to change the words for line number for lines '''3''' and '''4'''.<br><br># Move to the 4th line (i.e. last line).<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">dd</span><br><br>What did you notice?<br><br>Let's save editing changes and exit the vi text editor.<br><br># Type the following keys: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">:x</span> and press '''ENTER'''<br><br>What did you notice?<br><br># Issue the same command that you performed in '''Step #2''' to confirm that you had properly edited that file.<br><br># '''Save''' and '''exit''' your vi editing session.<br><br>[[Image:vi-text-editor-2.png|right|250px|thumb|The online vi-tutorial provides users "hands-on" experience of using the vi text editor.]]An '''online tutorial''' has been created to give you "hands-on" experience on how to use vi text editor. It is <u>recommended</u> that you run this online tutorial in your Matrix account to learn how to create and edit text files with the vi text editor.<br><br># Issue the following to run the vi online tutorial:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">/home/murrayjason.saulcarman/vi-tutorial<br><br>

#Read and follow the instructions in the tutorial. Eventually, it will display a '''simulated''' vi environment <br>and will receive stepprovide you with "'''hands-byon'''" practice using the vi text editor. As far as this author is aware,<br>there is NO "hands-step instructions on how to use this " tutorial for the nano text editorin this particular format.<br><br># When you have completed that section, you will be returned to the main menu. <br>If you want to get extra practice, you can select the menu item labelled "'''REVIEW EXERCISE'''".<br><br>

: It is recommended to try both text editors, and choose the text editor that you feel that is easier to use.<br><br> ===Part 3: Manage / &amp; Manipulate Text File Content===

We conclude this tutorial by learning to '''manage''', '''view''' or '''manipulate the <u>display</u>''' file content without having to use a of text editorfiles.<br>This is HIGHLY ADVISED in case you only want to view contents and '''NOT ''' edit text file contents by mistakewhich can cause accidental erasure of data.

# Make certain that you are located in your home directory.<br><br># Refer to the following table of '''Text File Management commands Commands:'''<br><br><table cellpadding="5"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;" width="20%">Linux Command</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''touch'''</td><td>Create empty file(s) / Updates Existing File's Date/Time Stamp</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''cat'''</td><td>Display text file's contents without editing (small files)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''more , less'''</td><td>Display / Navigate within large text files without editing</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''cp'''</td><td>Copy text file(s)</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''mv'''</td><td>Move / Rename text files</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''rm'''</td><td>Remove text file(s)</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''sort'''</td><td>Sorts (rearranges) order of file contents when displayed. Content is sorted alphabetically by default. The '''-n'''''Italic text'' option sorts numerically, '''-r''' performs a reverse sort</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''head''' , '''tail'''</td><td>Displays the first / last 10 lines of a text file by default. An option using a value will display the number of lines (e.g. <span style="font-family:courier">head -5 filename </span> will display first 5 lines, <span style="font-family:courier">tail -5 filename </span> will display last 5 lines).</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''grep'''</td><td>Displays file contents that match a pattern</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''uniq'''</td><td>Displays identical consecutive lines only once</td></tr><tr valign="top"><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''diff''' file1 file2</td><td>Displays differences between 2 files</td></tr><tr><tdstyle="font-family:courier">'''file'''</td><td>Gives info about the contents of the file (e.g. file with no extention)</td></tr><tr valign><td style="topfont-family:courier"><td>'''find'''</td><td>To find files matching specified characteristics:<!-- <table><tr valign="top"><td width="2030%">'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -name "file*"</span>'''</td><td>List pathname of any filenames beginning with "file",<br>from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -size +50k</span>'''</td><td>List pathname of any files larger than 50 kb, from the current directory and any subdirectories</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find . -mmin -5</span>''' </td><td>List files modified less than 5 minutes ago</td></tr><tr> valign="top"><td>'''<span style="font-family:courier">find -P .</span>'''</td><td>Lists file pathnames in the current directory</td></tr></table> --></td></tr></table><br># Issue the following Linux command to create three <u>empty<br/u># Confirm that you are located text files in your '''home''' current directory:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">touch a.txt b.txt c.txt</span><br><br># Use Issue the '''touch''' following Linux command to create the empty files called ''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">ls -l a.txt''', '''b.txtc.txt</span><br><br>Check the size in the detailed listing to confirm that these newly-created files are empty.<br><br>[[Image:vi-screen-40.png|right|300px|thumb|Nano text editor containing numbers ''', and '''c.txt1 to 40'''<br><br>on separate lines.]]# Use the '''nano''' text editor to edit the empty file called '''a.txt'''. <br><br>Type the number "'''1'''" and press '''ENTER'''. On the second line, type the number "'''2'''" and press '''ENTER'''.<br>Continue entering increasing number values until you reach the number '''40''' on line 40<br>(refer to the diagram on the right).<br><br># '''Save ''' and '''exit''' your editing session.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cat /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>Can you see all of the contents?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">more /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>Can '''NOTE:''' The '''more''' command uses the same navigation keys as with the '''man''' command<br>(refer to week 1 notes for reference). Try using keys that you view or at least used to navigate to see all of the contents?man pages.<br><br>What is the advantage of using the more command?<br><br>

# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">less /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>Is there any difference between the '''more ''' and '''less ''' commands?<br>(again press '''q''' to quit)<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sort /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>Why does the output not look what you expected? Why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">sort -n /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>Try the same command using both the '''-n''' and '''-r''' options to see what happens.<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">head -7 /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br><br># issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">tail /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>What is the output from this command display?<br>How would you issue this command to display only the '''last line ''' contained in that file?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">grep 2 /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>What type of output appear? Why did these lines appear (what do they all have in common)?<br><br>[[Image:end-of-line.png|right|200px|thumb|Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''".]]# Edit the '''a.txt''' file and add to the bottom 5 new lines each consisting <br>of the <u>same</u> text: "'''end of line'''" (refer to diagram on right).<br><br># '''Save''' your editing session and save changes to '''exit''' your filetext editor.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">uniq /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt</span><br><br>What do you notice happened to those newly created lines?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt.bk</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cp /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt /home/your-seneca-id/b.txt</span><br><br># Issue one of the commands you learned to display the contents of the file called '''/home/your-seneca-id/b.txt''' without editing.<br><br>What happened to this file?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">mv /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt /home/your-seneca-id/aa.txt</span><br><br># Issue a Linux command to view the directory contents.<br><br>What happened to the file called '''/home/your-seneca-id/a.txt'''? Why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">file /home/your-seneca-id/b.txt</span><br><br>What sort of information did it provide?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">diff /home/your-seneca-id/aa.txt /home/your-seneca-id/b.txt</span><br><br>What was the Was there any output? Why do you think caused the result of this outputIf not, why?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">diff /home/your-seneca-id/aa.txt /home/your-seneca-id/c.txt</span><br><br> What reason would do you think is the purpose of this type of output occur?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">find -P /home/your-seneca-id/ . </span><br><br>What is the output of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">rm /home/your-seneca-id/aa.txt /home/your-seneca-id/b.txt /home/your-seneca-id/a.txt.bk c.txt</span><br><br>

# After you complete Complete the Review Questions sections to get additional practice, then work on your<br>'''online assignment #1''', '''section 2''' "Basic Unix Commands" (parts '''4LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' to '''6''') labelled:<br> '''Managing Files''' , '''Accessing Files''' and '''Review Exercise'''get additional practice.<br><br>

* https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week2_practice.docx

For each of the following questions, use a pathname starting from the '''root''' directory (i.e. “/”).<br><br>

# Write a Linux command to display a detailed listing of '''history''' directory.<br>How would this command differ if you wanted to also view hidden files as well?<br># Write a Linux command to change to the '''project''' directory.<br>What command would you issue to return to your home directory?<br>

# Write a Linux command to remove the '''concepts''' directory and prompt the user if they want to remove this directory’s contents.<br><br># Write a single Linux command to create the following empty files in the concepts directory:<br>#* '''myfile.txt'''<br>#* '''yourfile.txt'''<br>#* '''thefile.txt'''<br># Write a Linux command to view the contents of the myfile.txt text file to prove it is empty.<br>What is the difference between the commands: '''cat''', '''more''' and '''less'''?