<br>===Main Objectives of this Practice Tutorial===  :* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from a remote home and/or from Seneca computerlab). :* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session. :* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage. :* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''. :* Perform the Issue a '''checking program'''first two sections on the online assignment #1(i.e. ''Shell Script'' ) to issue '''general Linux commandsconfirm'''that you accessed your Matrix account. :* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice<br><br>.

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br>[https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101slides/ULI101-Week11.1.pdf PDF] | [https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101slides/ULI101-Week11.1.pptx PPTX]</li></ulli>TutorialsWeek 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<ul><libr>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [HOWTOhttps: Access Your Matrix Account]//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX]<br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[httphttps://czegelwiki.cdot.senecacollege.comca/senecawiki/uli101/lectures/Lecture1.html Les Czegel's Week 1 Notes (HTML)Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO: Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Windows SSH client Software:'''<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[httphttps://thewww.chiark.earthgreenend.liorg.uk/%7Esgtatham~sgtatham/putty/latest/x86/putty.exe html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style="padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix Account Access:'''

'''Command Line Editing:'''

| style="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''

|colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''Brauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEH6i_BKOBo&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2&t=0s L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, Starting the Assignments, and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux File System, Basic Navigation (ls, cd, pwd, tree), Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

===Purpose of Having a Your Student Account on Matrix Linux Server Account===

| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''mylearn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades / Notes / Online Quizzes) |-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |''/ 'ict.senecacollege.ca'Online Quizzes''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Main ICT Webserver)

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Course WIKIs for Seneca College Students''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux Account server environment used for Student Practice and Assignment submission"''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.

[[Image:cli-prompt.png|thumb|right|120px|A ''This requires that you 'shell''' is an interface / interpreter connect to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system. ]]Although you need to study concepts throughout this course, you will also need to learn to server'''issue simple as well as more advanced Linux commands(Matrix) and become comfortable '''. This requires that you practice issuing Linux commands on a frequent basis to become more comfortable when working within the '''Unix''' and '''Linux command-line environments'''.

For this course, it is important to learn how to '''open a command prompt in order to issue commands to perform common tasks'''. In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface / interpreter ''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''shell script''') later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and system administrator.

[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster ''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

The '''Matrix server ''' consists of '''several Virtual Computers computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''.<br>A '''Linux cluster ''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to buying larger servers.

:* Performing '''Linux Practice Tutorials'''('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade''')

:* Performing '''Online Linux AssignmentsReview Tutorial''' ('''38 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''') ===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Student VPN''' ]] All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Seneca Student VPN''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account when outside of campus as a '''network security''' measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA)when logging in to verify you are who you say you are.

===Connecting ''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the Seneca Global Portal===[[Image:gp1user and only the user knows).png|thumb|right|130px|'''Seneca Global Portal''' ]]Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication

Seneca College is "rolling-out" additional measures to improve '''network security'''. One of these measures<br>is to implement '''multi-factored authentication'''. As of '''September 2020''', all Seneca College students are required<br>to connect to the '''Seneca Global Portal''' in order to be able to connect to their '''Matrix''' Linux account.<br><br>''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication<br><br>You should have received an email e-mail message (also available in course announcements) regarding with instructions on how to setup you Smart Phone to connect and valid via the Seneca Global Portalset up your smartphone for multi-factor authentication. '''NOTE:''' If you haven't done this installed it yet, please perform the steps provided in do so by following the following linkITS instructions here:<br>https://employeesstudents.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77186/it-services/wiki/view/37221025/student-vpn<br><br>

In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect''' to and '''login''' to your Matrix server account from a remote computer<br>such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.<br><br>

[[Image:clicls-promptshell.png|thumb|right|80px100px|]]After connecting Connect to the Seneca Global Portal, you can open a terminal in your Matrix via'''Newer Windows 10''', ssh'''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer<br>and issue the following command:<br><br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>[[Image:ssh-application-icon.png|right|80px|]]You can also click on the following link There are two basic methods to connecting to '''download''' and '''install''' a graphical SSH application for your Windows machine:<br>http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9Matrix account.exe<br><br>

=INVESTIGATION '''Method 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT=Run ssh Command from command prompt:'''

You need :After connecting to run an application the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can open a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10 (or commandabove) called '''SSH, '''Mac''' or ''' in order to securely connect to your Matrix Linux account''' computer and issue the following command:: <brspan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">so you can issue Linux commands, perform tutorials and online assignmentsssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca<br/span>

In this investigation, you will learn how to connect and login [[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to your Matrix account by issuing a command from your computervia '''s text-based terminal<br>and/or by downloading, installing a running a graphical Windows ''' SSH Program ]]'''Method 2: Run graphical application.<!--ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:'''

[[Image=INVESTIGATION 1:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250pxACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT={{Admon/important|ATTENTION: This weekly tutorial must be completed by ''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2'MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]If you were able to access one obtain a grade of Seneca computer labs, you could access an application to connect to your Matrix account via the '''MyApps''' application. Since many students are ''2%'not''' permitted to access Seneca's computer labs at towards this time due to '''COVID19''', you can install and run the '''AppsAnywhere''' application (which works in an identical way to MyApps) on a remote Windows computercourse. This application |It is an application streaming service essential that lets you install software complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and on any Seneca PC on demandtime. Any software application on the AppsAnywhere menu can be used on computers These are your major learning tool in classrooms, labs, and the Computing Commonscourse. Reference: https://insideThere are no late marks.senecacollege.ca/its/software/myapps/}}

'''NOTE:''' Although you can install and run the AppsAnywhere application on an Apple Mac computer, you will NOT have access to many of the Windows applications (including applications to connect to your Matrix account). In this casesection, you can open a '''terminal''' and issue the '''ssh''' command to connect will learn how to access your Matrix Linux account. by two different methods:

--:* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''

===METHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM A COMMAND LINE TERMINALYOUR HOME COMPUTER===

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Global PortalSeneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]

'''Perform the Following Steps:'''# Before proceedingIf you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, make you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Global Portal Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://employeesstudents.senecacollege.ca/spaces/77186/it-services/wiki/view/37221025/student-vpn<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You only have to connect to your Seneca Global Portal student VPN once during the day, <br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system ''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table ''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br>

<th>'''Newer Version of Windows 10(or above):'''</th> <th>'''MacOSXmacOS:''' </th>

*Launch Click ''Launchpad'Terminal'icon, type '' from the 'terminal''finder'<br>and press '''ENTER''' utility

*From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''.

<ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box ''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''<b>FYI:''' </b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box ''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. <br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical </u> to your Seneca password. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text will may be blocked-out or '''hidden ''' to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://employeesstudents.senecacollege.ca/spaces/122190/support/wiki/view/35241473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit ''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>type Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method ''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>

===METHOD 2: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM A GRAPHICAL APPLICATIONSENECA COMPUTER LAB===

<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don't have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>  You can also install and run connect to your Matrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a free '''MS Windows graphical SSH applicationprogram''' in order to allow you connect to your Matrix accountas opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br>You may find it  [[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful when running a graphical SSH application to if you do '''copy and paste textnot'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation. There are several applications<br><br> '''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can download be used on computers in classrooms, labs, and install, but we will be using the SSH Secure Shell Client application for this tutorialComputing Commons. Reference: https://inside.senecacollege.<br><br>ca/its/software/myapps/

HARD TO GET STUDENTS TO RUN APPS ANYWHERE FROM HOME DUE TO PANDEMICYou will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.COMMENTING OUT THIS SECTIONS UNTIL THE STUDENTS RETURN TO COLLEGESHOWING JUST TO INSTALL GRAPHICAL [[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH APPLICATION INSTEADClient''' for this practice tutorial. ]]

# Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''ClickMyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the following '''linkMyApps''' icon on the desktop to download and install the free SSH Secure Shell application on your Windows computer:<br>http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9launch).exe<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-applicationmain-iconwindow.png|thumb|right|75px150px|DoubleSSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click SSH icon on desktop that area to connect to launch application]]validate.</tdspan><tdbr>[[Image<br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]</tdspan></tablebr><br># After the application has been installed, an application icon should Several SSH applications will appear on . <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your desktopMatrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''Double clickSSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application iconto launch this program.<br><br>The main SSH Client [[Image:quick-connect-window will appear. Letpng|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''s learn how NOTE:''' Prior to connect launching the application, you can add this to and login to our Matrix accountyour '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>using to access this graphical SSH applicationin the future.<br><br># The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''Hostname''' Hostnanme and type enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix.senecacollege.ca</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>'''inside'''</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecacollegesenecac.on.ca'''<br>You will be using the latter hostname since you will be connecting to your Matrix account remotely and not within the college.<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# Click on the textbox labelled '''User Name''' and type your Seneca username (i.e. same as your Seneca userid.<br><br> # Click the '''Connect''' button.<br><br># When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network<br>(i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]

# Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your '''Matrix account password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ssh-password-prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]</td><td>[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]</tdbr></tablebr># Enter your password and click '''Enter your passwordOK''' and click or press '''OKENTER'''.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems,<br>click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://insidestudents.senecacollege.ca/itsspaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/servicecontact-catalogue/contacts.html its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you followed the login steps entered your password correctly, the '''main SSH Linux shell should appear''' where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br> '''Configuring your Graphical Windows [[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Application'''Settings Dialog Box ]]

You can '''configure''' your Windows graphical the SSH application to adjust elements such as<br>the '''window size''' and '''text font type''' and text '''font size'''. [[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]<br><br>We will now show be showing you how to configure just your '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application,<br>(FYI: but the other SSH applications available in the '''Week 1 reference section''' also have the ability can allow you to configure their settings).<br><br>

# You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen<br>to also change your background and text '''colours''' if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># Try moving your mouse pointer to the bottom right-hand corner of the SSH application window,<br>then '''click and drag''' outwards to make the application window larger.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected<br>and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, '''close''' the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' # It is '''highly recommended''' to using the '''exit''' command repeat these steps with connecting to terminate your Matrix session<br>as opposed to closing account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the SSH or terminal application window!process.<br><br> In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''issue Linux commands''' from the command prompt (referred to as the "shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, and run a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to get marks for this online tutorial. =INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL =In this investigation, you will learn how to<br><u>setup</u> and <u>perform</u> use the '''first two sections of Linux Shell. Topics in the online ULI101 assignment #1'''.<br><br>section include:

=INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL / ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS =* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to get '''help''' for Linux commands via the '''online manual''' (i.e. '''man''' command).:* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account

<br>In this section, you will learn how to use the ==Linux Shell. Topics in the section include:Command Structure==

:* Learn the '''Linux command structure''' (arguments and options):* Learn how The Bash shell allows you to get '''help''' for interact with Linux by typing commands with manpages ('''man''' command).:* Learn '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Learn how to perform '''online assignments'''.:* Perform the '''first two sections of online assignment #1'''.<br><br>

===Part 1'''The basic Linux command structure is as follows: Using the Linux Shell ==='''

The Bash shell in Matrix allows you to interact with your Matrix account by issuing commands<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

Some Linux commands can be used as-is (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', 'The General ''ls''', '''cal'''), but many Linux Command Structure is as follows:commands can also be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''<br><span style="fontls -family:courier;color:blue;fontl -weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 .a /bin''' ).. </span>

Some Linux commands can be issued by entering the Linux command line without arguments (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''),<br>but some Linux commands can be issued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -la''' ).<br><br>'''What Does is an Argument Representargument?'''

An '''argument''' can respresentis used to change the default behaviour of a command. Arguments come in three major forms::* a # A command '''pathnameoption'''.#* Example:* a command <code>-l</code># A '''optionfile pathname'''.#* Example:* a <code>/etc</code># A series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use .#* Example: <code>"Hello, world."</code>

An '''argument''' is <u>must be separated</u> from a command (or and from other arguments) by whitespace (a '''SPACE''', '''multiple spacesMULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB''').<br><br>

# Make certain Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command basically shows your '''current location''' in on the Matrix server.<br>This (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss this ''pathnames'' later in a future tutorialthis course.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?<br><br>If #* '''Answer:''' If there were are any files in your home directory, just only their file names would be are displayed.<br><br># Issue Change your directory location by issuing the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /binetc</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span><br><br># Issue the following * '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?<br><br>How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Issue Re-run the following Linux ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?<br><br>#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command provides displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files , providing you with more information on a separate line for about each file.<br><br>This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Issue the following Linux command to return Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command to Now confirm you've changed back to your current locationhome directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <brcode>/home/''yourusername''<br/code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span><br><br>What do you notice? What makes this # Issue the following Linux command with that argument useful if you are to confirm your current located in your home directory?location: <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd<br/span># Issue a Linux command that * '''Question:''' What do you have already learned to confirm that you have returned to notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory.<br><br>?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How would Why is this command be helpful?<br>#* '''FYITip:''' The short-cut shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell isare: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span><br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?<br><br>#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Matrix Linux server as yourself.<br>#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers, so it does not (or nodes). It won't display<br>all users that are logged onto those other machines within that into the cluster!<br><br>, only the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display? What do you #* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span><br><br>#* '''Question:''' What is the purpose of does this commanddo?<br><br># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 20212035</span><br><br>What #* '''Question:''' How and why is the purpose of this command using this argument?<br><br>output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 20212035</span><br><br>What is the purpose of this command using those two #* '''numbersQuestion:''' as argumentsWhat do each of these numbers do?<br><br>#* '''Getting Help with Linux CommandsQuestion:'''What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2) ==Getting Help with Linux Commands== With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”. The '''man''' utility is an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to use a given command (i.e. '''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples'''). # For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also use your mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"'''use a long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux systems, you can by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca'' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.

With the Linux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, it is good for a Linux user or sysadmin to learn about how to use commands “on-the-fly”.<br><br>The '''man''' command can provide information on how to use a command (i.e. '''usage''', '''arguments''', '''options''', '''examples''').<br>The commands are classified into sections or '''volumes'''.<br><br># Issue the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span><br>How many volume '''numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands/programs''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?<br><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br># Issue the following Linux command to get help with the ls command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span><br><br>'''TIP:''' You can use the following '''short-cut keys''' within the man command to <br>help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):<br><br><table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table><br># Navigate through the man utility for the '''ls''' Linux command and note the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:<br><ul><li>"'''use a long lising format'''"</li><li>"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)</li><li>"'''sort by file size'''"</li><li>"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)</li></ul><br># Exit the man utility for the ''ls'' command.<br><br># Issue the '''ls''' command for <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 4''' to see how this command differs for each option.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern<br>that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.<br><br># Although we will not be learning about '''pipeline commands''' (using the | character) until later,<br>try issuing the following pipeline command to list Linux administration commands (i.e. volume number "8"):<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k copy | grep 8</span><br><br>How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?<br><br># If you wish to change your password, you can change it by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span><br>What option for the passwd command can be used to change user info (such as name)?<br>'''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You are NOT required to change your Matrix password for this tutorial. The Matrix server is "synched"<br>with the ''my.senecacollege.ca server'', so it is better to have your Matrix password changed at the same time<br>that you change your '''myseneca''' password.<br><br># Press the letter <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> to exit the man command.<br><br>You will now learn how to using perform '''command line editing''' to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.<br><br>

==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. ]]Learning '''shortcut keys'''in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a 'Command Line Editing'Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as: '''Linux sysadmin''').

Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user''<br>or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to as: '''Linux sysadmin''').<br><br>Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access<br>online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

[[Image:commandmeta-line-editingkey.png|thumb|right|520px370px|Command Line Editing Shortcut KeysTo make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''. ]]

# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx). What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' This short-cut key should work if you issued the ssh command within a terminal. If you are using a graphical windows SSH application, would would need to configure the application to understand the ''META'' (alt) key for shortcut commands (i.e. not shortcuts for the ''application menu'').<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination until the cursor is to the '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><utr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</utd><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''cdctrl-e''' to move to end of the commandline.]]</td><br/tr><br/table>

# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>:The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https://ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts] ==Tutorial Submission== '''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></table> Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (within a deadline). In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, you will be required to run a program (or in later tutorials, several programs) to prove that you successfully completed tasks in a tutorial and get marks. These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "hands-on" experience as well as "trouble-shooting experience. If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''error''', then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task. '''Perform the Following Steps:''' # Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' by entering the following Linux command:#* <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd</span># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* <brspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">~uli101/week1-check</span>#* '''Note:''' The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''confirmation''' in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.<!-- NOTE: ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and REVIEW QUESTIONS

You are required to perform '''3 online assignments''' during throughout this course. This online assignment is used to teach and reinforce Linux commands are techniques as well as using <br>Linux commands to perform tasks gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1''' (midterm) and tests students on their knowledge of issuing Linux commands'''test 2''' (final).

In this sectioninvestigation, you will learn to :* '''select Select the correct section''' for your online assignments, how to perform assignment submission* Perform the '''first two sectionssection''' and '''3 parts of the second section''' of assignment #1, how to * '''verifyVerify''' that you successfully completed both sections, and how to * '''exitExit''' your online assignment #1.

# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier">~uli101/assign1a1</span><br><br># Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes" screen.<br><br># A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<br><br><span style="color:red;">'''WARNING''': You need to select the <u>'''CORRECT'''</u> section for the course which you belong to.<br>If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</span><br><br># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<br><br># Select the '''3 letter(s)code''' corresponding to the <u>correct</u> '''ULI101 <u>section</u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span><br><br>

# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.<br><br>'''NOTES:'''<ul><li>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"You are currently registered to"''' followed by the '''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Double-check your course timetable to confirm that this the correct section letter. If you have selected the WRONG section, type <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">C</span> in the menu selection area and press <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.<br><br></li><li>Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text<br>(i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed. ]]</li><li>If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the text '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<br><br></li></ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu assignment #1 window, enter <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">1</span> in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.<br><br>

# Run Re-run the command to restart your assignment that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.<br>What do you notice?<br><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment(i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).<br><br>

Here is a link to the MS a Word Document document of ALL of the questions displayed below but with extra room to answer on the document tosimulate a quiz:

: https://ictwiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/~murray.saululi101/uli101files/uli101_week1_practice.docx