{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.

===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>

|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasksBrauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube. In Unixcom/Linuxwatch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, a '''shell''' is simply an interface and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https:// interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server)www.youtube. com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux shells have evolved File System, Basic Navigation (improvedls, cd, pwd, tree) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user-friendly., Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

=KEY CONCEPTS==Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]

The ===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix server consists of '''several Virtual Computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to buying larger servers.===

All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You While attending Seneca College, you will be using this account for the following reasonsmany different computer systems.Some of these servers include:

In the next section, you will |-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''learn how .senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to connect to and login to your Matrix server account both at the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computer.Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')

|-| style=INVESTIGATION 1"padding-left: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

In this labUnix/Linux, you a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will learn be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to install your issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''CentOS Full Install DVDshell script''' as ) later in this course to automate tasks to make you a virtual machine using the more '''VMware Workstationproductive''' applicationLinux user and system administrator.

===Part 1: Accessing your Layout of the Matrix Account from a Seneca College Lab Linux Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster''' is a '''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

Before you can install :* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your CentOS Full Install DVD onto final grade'''):* Performing '''Linux Practice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''8 Sections x 1% = 8% of your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your CentOS operating system.final grade''')

:'''Perform ===Connecting to the Following Steps:'''Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:vmware-2gp1.png|thumb|right|500px130px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order to create a new '''Virtual Machine''' ('''VMSeneca Student VPN''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer All Seneca College students are required to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD connect to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''PreferencesStudent VPN'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just order to be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us able to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen connect to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''their ' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select Matrix'''Linux''' account when outside of campus as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click security'''Next''' to accept the default (imeasure.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk typeMFA).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings when logging in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, verify you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2are who you say you are.

===Part 2''<b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'' Reference: https: Install CentOS on your Newly//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Created VM ===factor_authentication

The next step is You should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to perform a custom installation set up your smartphone for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using multi-factor authentication. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the CentOS 7 Full DVDITS instructions here: https://students. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machinesenecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn In the next investigation, The VMware Workstation application you will automatically simulate a "boot" learn how to allow you '''connect''' to complete the installation process and '''login''' to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machineyour Matrix server account from a remote computer such as your '''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.

:'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner ===Connecting to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" alignYour Matrix Account="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verificationcls-shell.png|thumb|right|450px100px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior Connect to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::Matrix via'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:ssh'''command]]::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes There are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set two basic methods to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set connecting to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installationMatrix account.</li></ol>

=== Part 3'''Method 1: Completing the Installation ===Run ssh Command from command prompt:'''

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding=":After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can open a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10"(or above)''', '''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:|- valign: <span style="topcolor:blue;font-weight:bold;"|[[Image:completed>ssh senecauserid@matrix.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is completesenecacollege. ]]|}ca</span>

[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to Matrix via '''Perform the Following Stepsgraphical''' SSH Program ]]'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:'''

#During the installation process:If you are in a Seneca computer lab, you will required can use MyApps to create run a '''root passwordgraphical SSH application''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root passwordWindows machine. Think One advantage of an appropriate password and record using this method is that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password are already at Seneca and click '''Done''' (you may have are NOT required to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered connect to be a strong password).#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password)the student VPN.<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"

|=INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT={{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen statingATTENTION: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you This weekly tutorial must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed be completed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (obtain a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your grade of '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'2%''towards this course.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source |It is essential that you complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and click '''Next'''on time.</li><li>Skip These are your major learning tool in the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''course.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''There are no late marks.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>}}

'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in In this section, you will learn how to access your lab log book.'''Matrix Linux account by two different methods:

=INVESTIGATION 2: USING YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT=* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''

{|width="100%" cellspacing="0"=METHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===

| '''Perform the Following Steps:''' # If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="paddingmargin-left:15px50px;width"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:10%center;" |> <bth>Linux Commands Used '''Windows 10 (click for online helpor above):'''</bth> <th>'''macOS:''' <br/th>Logging Out of <th>'''Linux Account:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*[httpsFrom the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </linuxtd> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.die75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.netca</manspan> </8/rpm exit]td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*[httpIn the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</man7u> to your Seneca password.org<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></linuxli><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></manli>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-pagesspelled the '''name of the server'''</man8li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</yumli><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.8senecacollege.html logout]ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>*[httphttps://man7students.senecacollege.orgca/spaces/linux190/mansupport/wiki/view/1473/contact-pagesits '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></man8li></yumol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.8<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.html &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]<br>| The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="padding-leftcolor:15pxblue;widthfont-weight:20%bold" |Change Password>exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br>*[http<br>'''NOTE://man7''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.org<br><br></linux/manli><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-pagesweight:bold">exit</man1span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></hostnameli><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.1<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.html passwd]</li></ol><br>

|}===Managing your Virtual MachineMETHOD 2: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===

In future labs, <span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you will have access to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VMa Seneca computer lab on campus.Usually, <br>If you are NOT required don't have access to use a Seneca computer lab this menu (unless you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machinesemester, but should only be performed if then you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.can skip this section</span><br><br>

On You can also connect to your Matrix server account in the other hand'''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>One advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, there are useful short-cut key '''you do NOT have to worry about connecting to the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this method is to introduce you to a '''graphical program''' to allow you should use:connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the '''ssh''' command (shown in the previous section).<br>

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''ALT-CTRL-ENTERMyApps''':Toggles the VM Workstation application window between ('''full screen modeAppsAnywhere''' and ) Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''window modenot'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation.<br><br>

'''ALT-CTRLMyApps''':Return focus from your c7host VM to your ('''host computer systemAppsAnywhere''') is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be used on computers in classrooms, labs, and the Computing Commons.

:* Faster Graphics:* Allow applications running You will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in a VM your Seneca lab room to be accessed in the host machine (unity interface):* Sharing folders between host launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and VMlogin to your Matrix server account.[[Image:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMs:* Clock synchronization among host and VMsapps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. ]]

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is You can '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIALconfigure''' that you do the SSH application to adjust elements such as the '''window size'''NOTand ''' remove your SSD drive during your CentOS 7 session. You are required to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as you would with any operating system. Also, you are required to use the text font type'''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Mediatext '''font size' tool in ''. We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the system tray on your Windows machine other applications can allow you to properly disconnect your SSD deviceconfigure their settings. <br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)'''.}}

===Part 1'''Perform the Following Steps: Turning Off Locked Screen-saver==='''

Your system automatically enables a # Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings'''screenin the Edit drop-saverdown menu.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the '' application which is a useful security tool window size'' both horizontal and vertical to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off You can use the locked settings screento also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style="color:blue;font-saver for this (weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and other) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your instructor account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to come over repeat these steps with connecting to "sign-off" your computer Matrix account from a Seneca lab without having to re-issue user passwordsworkstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>

'''To Disable In the Locked Screennext investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to as the "shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-saverline editing short cut keys, Perform the following steps:'''and run a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to get marks for this online tutorial.

#Click on the '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the window'''.=INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL =#Click In this investigation, you will learn how to use the '''Settings''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench iconLinux Shell.#Click the '''Power''' icon located Topics in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in the '''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of time'''#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box.include:

==Linux Command Structure=Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}|}

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the The basic Linux command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file structure is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-sizeas follows:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>

<span style===Part 3"font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight: Disable SELinux===bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It Some Linux commands can be used as-is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing server(e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''cal'''), but many Linux commands can also be issued with arguments (e. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rulesg. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue'''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -l -a /bin''' ).}}

SELinux stands for '''Security-Enhanced Linux'''. It What is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion (hackers). SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOS. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by default'an argument?'' because we won't have the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessary.

An argument is used to change the default behaviour of a command. Arguments come in three major forms:# A command '''Perform the following Stepsoption'''.#* Example: <code>-l</code># A '''file pathname'''.#* Example:<code>/etc</code># A series of characters (i.e. '''text''') that the command can use.#* Example: <code>"Hello, world."</code>

# Make sure youAn 're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file ''argument'/etc/selinux/config''': <bu>must be separated<code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</spanu></code></b># In the editing session, set from a command (and from other arguments) by whitespace (a '''SPACE''SELINUX', '' to 'MULTIPLE SPACES''<u>disabled</u>'or a '' (from 'TAB'enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>

=== Part 4'''Perform the Following Steps: Perform Software Updates==='''

Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping # Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your computer secure and stablehome directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course. On # Issue the following Linuxcommand: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, we use package managers only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to install software and updatesconfirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. Package managers not only perform installationsIf your output is different, but they keep track retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of everything the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is currently installed on this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the system screen for easy managementthe Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself. For CentOS#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this manager command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is called yum. Yum the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is also the output different?# Issue the following Linux command used: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e.cal 2035 2)

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow With the prompts.# If there is a kernel updateLinux OS containing over '''2500''' commands and utilities, reboot your it's important for Linux users and Linux system. administrators (There usually is on a first update after OS installationsysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”.)

The '''Answer Investigation 2 observations man''' utility is an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to use a given command (all parts and questions) in your lab log booki.e.'''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').

= INVESTIGATION 3# For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding<span style="10"|font- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guidefamily:courier;color:|<br>'''<u>Sheblue;font-bang Line</u>'''<ul><liweight:bold">Forces shell script to run in a specific Shellman man</lispan><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or ''')<br><br></li></ul>numbered volumes'''<u>Variables</u>.# Press the '''<blockquote>SPACE'''Environmentkey to move to the next screen.#* '''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with commandQuestion: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>How many '''$volume numbers''' are contained in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: the man pages (like '''USERexecutable commands''', '''PATHgames''', or '''HOMEsystem administrator commands''', )?# You can use the following '''SHELLshortcut keys'''within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</lith><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</ulth></blockquotetr><blockquotetr><td>'''User-definedENTER''' <ul/td><litd>Variable created by user (command Move down one line, scripting)</litd></tr><litr>Examples:<brtd>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>'SPACEBAR'read -p "enter value: " myVar''</litd><td>Move one screen down</ultd></blockquotetr><blockquotetr><td>'''Positional parameters&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</litd><litd>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}Move one screen up</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<brtd></litr></ultr></blockquotetd>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>pattern/'''<ul/td><litd>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument Search for another command.Pattern</litd><li/tr>Examples:<brtr>''file $(ls)''<brtd>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*'q'<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br/td><brtd>quit man utility</litd></ul>'''<utr>if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><litable># If you are connected to Matrix through a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwiseterminal application, false (non-zero), thus you can also use with logic statementsyour mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the </lispan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">Example:q<br/span>key to exit the man command.# Use the ''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"man''<br>utility to get help with the ''thenls''command: <br>''echo span style="Matchfont-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold"''>man ls<br/span># Navigate through the ''fi''<br></li><li>The ls'''testmanual page and write down the ''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets option letters'''[ ]that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The use a long listing format'''exit"#*"''' command can be used to terminate the shell script do not ignore entries starting with a false value.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &'" (i.e. hidden files)#61; "root*" ]''<br>'sort by file size'then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root#*" ''<br'append indicator (one of */=>&nbsp;|) to entries''exit1'" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility.# Issue the ''<br>'ls'fi''command using <bru>each</liu><li>For numberic comparison, use the of those option letters you noted in '''step 5'test options''to see how the command': s output changes with each option.#* '''-gtNOTE:''',The '''-geman''', utility can be used with the '''-ltk''', option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# '''-lePipeline commands'''can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -eqk'''command, is sent into the '''-negrep'''<br>Example:<br>command to ''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]filter''<br>(i.e. ''thentrap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <br>&nbspspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;''echo "You get Good Markfont-weight:bold"''<br>''elif [ $grade man -gt 49 ]''k user | grep 8<br/span>#* ''then'Question:'<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"How does this ''<br>''elsepipeline command''make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux systems, you can by issuing the command: <br>&nbspspan style="font-family:courier;color:blue;''echo font-weight:bold"You fail"''>passwd<br/span>''fi''{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <brcode>passwd</licode><li>For testing for file informationcommand on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is changed automatically when you can use change your ''myseneca'-d'password.}}#* '' to test if directory pathname exists, and 'Question:''-f'What option for the '' if the file pathname exists. You can use passwd'''!command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* ''' for negation.<br>ExamplesHint:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]'use the '<br>''thenman''<br> 'command for 'echo "directory exists"''<br>passwd''fi''.# Press the <br><br>''if [ ! span style="font- f filefamily:courier;color:blue;font-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not existweight:bold"''<br>''fi''q</lispan></ul>}}|}key to exit the man command.

It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems==Command Line Editing==[[Image:command-line-editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys. For example, it is necessary ]]Learning '''shortcut keys''' in any OS terminal will allow you to have be more productive as a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and ''Linux user'' or ''Linux System Administrator'' (commonly referred to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardwareas: '''Linux sysadmin''').

Therefore, it makes sense to also have Let's learn a record of the installed computer software as well. This few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can contain information regarding the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity informationaccess online help for additional shortcuts (if required).

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose '''Running a Shell Script to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br>Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''# Login to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, and login as root by issuing the command:<brtable align="right"><btr valign="top"><codetd><span style="color[[Image:#3366CC;fontscript-check-size:1.2em;">su -png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</spantd></codetd>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</b><br><br># Make certain to '''<utd>record output</utable>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' output) in your lab1 logbook.

<table cellspacing=These programs (known as Shell Scripts) will check your work and offer feedback if you made mistakes, so you can make corrections. Making corrections (i.e. troubleshooting) and re-running these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "0hands-on" cellpadding=experience as well as "5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margintrouble-left:60px;"><caption>'''Linux/Unix System Information Utilities'''</caption> <tr valign="top>shooting experience.

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' versionIf you have correctly completed the required tasks, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on the system after installationuser can proceed.</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -lIf the checking shell script detects an '''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -lerror'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in , then it will provide feedback to allow the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is student to "query" information, option '''fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the applicationtask.</td> </tr>

<tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">route -n</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">nslookup</span> (at prompt, enter command: server) </code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: '''IP ADDRESS''', '''Netmask''', '''routing''' (default gateway), and Perform the default '''Domain Name ServerFollowing Steps:'''.</td> </tr></table>

NOTE:You may have learned about creating ONLINE ASSIGNMENTS ARE RETIRED AND REPLACED WITH ONLINE TUTORIALS and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.REVIEW QUESTIONS

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with this section. As you continue, you You are required to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbookperform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this course.</li><li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory This online assignment is used to store your shell scripts by issuing the command:teach and reinforce<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''test 1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to that newly-created '''bin(midterm) and '''test 2''' directory</li></ol>(final).

echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section.txt]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br>echo <span style="Datecolor: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%Hblue;font-weight:%Mbold;font-family:%p)')courier" >> ~uli101/roota1</report.txt<br>echo >span> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called # Press '''report.txtENTER''' that was generated (I hope you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the report, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "growNotes" the report with the other contentscreen.</libr><libr>The only remaining content of # A screen similar to the report would be one displayed on the system informationright will appear. We can use a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:</libr></ol><br><code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9em;font-weight:boldred;">echo "Hostname'''WARNING''': $(hostname)" You need to select the <u>'''CORRECT'''</u> /root/reportsection for the course which you belong to.txt<br>echo If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</root/report.txtspan><br>echo "Kernel Version: $(uname -rv)" >> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report# Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view # Select the ''report.txt'3 letter code''' contents (are you using tip that was given corresponding to save time?).the </liu>correct<li/u>Edit the shell script and include output from the '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxENTER</span></codebr></bbr> and # After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<b><codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr> commands (with appropriate titles)[[Image:assn-section-completion. Remember png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to redirect that output View Which Sections Need to add to the bottom of the file!be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.'''NOTES:'''</liul><li>What would be Near the use bottom of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value=the window, you will see '''"14">Here You are some more currently registered to"complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform ''' followed by the same task'''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Although you are not require Double-check your course timetable to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended confirm that this the correct section letter. If you view have selected the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.WRONG section, type </li><lispan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">The <b><code>wgetC</codespan></b> command can be used to quickly download files from in the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code>menu selection area and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Verify Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that the file are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text-report.bashwith a blue background''' was downloaded . On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to your current directoryConfirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.]]</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for this file by issuing the commandtext '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment: "''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<bbr><codebr></li></ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to downloadcreate one for your personal use, studyand write down Linux commands, their arguments and run the following shell scripts on-line:options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->

Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:

:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''