{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.

===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>

|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasksBrauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube. In Unixcom/Linuxwatch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, a '''shell''' is simply an interface and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https:// interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server)www.youtube. com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux shells have evolved File System, Basic Navigation (improvedls, cd, pwd, tree) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user-friendly., Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux serve'''r due to large number of users (students). Later in the course, your instructor may discuss other ways of accessing '''graphical versions of Linux''', and how to launch a shell terminal. ===Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]] The Matrix server consists of '''several Virtual Computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to buying larger servers. All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You will be using this account for the following reasons:}

In the next section, you will learn how to connect to and login to your ===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix server account both at the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computer.===

=INVESTIGATION 1While attending Seneca College, you will be using many different computer systems.Some of these servers include: Create And Install Your First Virtual Machine (c7host)=

|- valign| style="toppadding-left:0px;width:10%"|'''learn.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')

|colspan="2" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-bottomleft: thin solid black15px;border-spacingwidth:0px;65%"|Minimum Required Materials<br>''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

|colspan="3" -| style="fontpadding-sizeleft:16px0px;font-weightwidth:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing10%" |'''<span style="color:0px;padding-left:15pxblue;"|Linux Command Reference>matrix.senecacollege.ca<br/span>'''|- valign="top" style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Matrix is our Linux server environment used for "''hands-on practice''". Each ULI101 student has an account on this server.

In this lab, This requires that you will learn how to install your '''CentOS Full Install DVDconnect to a Linux server''' as a virtual machine using the (Matrix) and become comfortable '''VMware Workstationissuing Linux commands''' application.

===Part 1: Using VMware Workstation Pro In Unix/Linux, a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to Create issue Linux commands, you can create a New Virtual Machine file that contains Linux commands (VMcalled a '''shell script''') ===later in this course to automate tasks to make you a more '''productive''' Linux user and system administrator.

:* Issuing '''Linux commands''':* Becoming productive using the Linux '''command prompt''' ('''shell'''):* Performing '''Linux Tutorials''' ('''11 Weekly Tutorials x 2% = 22% of your final grade'''<u>c7host VM Details):</u>* Performing '''Linux Practice Questions''':* Performing '''Review Tutorial''' ('''8 Sections x 1% = 8% of your final grade''')

*'''Name:''' c7host*'''Boot media / Installation:''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file):::*Download at ===Connecting to the Seneca College: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.isoStudent VPN===[[Image:::*Download outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirrorgp1.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*png|thumb|right|130px|'''Disk space:''' 238GB *'''CPUs:Seneca Student VPN''' 1 CPU, 4 cores (recommended)]]

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Format drive windowSeneca Student VPN''' in order to format your new SSD as be able to connect to their '''exFATMatrix''' (Linux account when outside of campus as a '''Windowsnetwork security'''measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (MFA)]]when logging in to verify you are who you say you are.

{{Admon/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT|'''You ''must'' format your external drive as exFAT.'''<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <ub>'''NTFSMulti-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!'''factor authentication</ub> When you plug your drive is an electronic authentication method in, open My Computer, right-click on which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the new drive, user and select only the user knows).''FormatReference: https://en.wikipedia..''.}}org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication

{{Admon/important|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorer|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device You should have received an e-mail message with a drive letter instructions on how to set up your Windows machinesmartphone for multi-factor authentication. You may experience problems if If you are using haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the Kingston SSDITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege. If soca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn In the next investigation, then run you will learn how to '''diskmgmt.mscconnect''' to and '''login''' in order to create your Matrix server account from a volume and format remote computer such as your disk1'''home desktop computer''', '''laptop''' or '''tablet''' computer.}}

{{Admon/important===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computerright|100px|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need Connect to be aware:<br><ul><li>Matrix via'''RAM Size considerations:ssh''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order command]]There are two basic methods to connecting to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOS:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOSyour Matrix account. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before :After connecting to the '''Seneca Student VPN''', you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machineopen a '''command terminal''' in '''Windows 10 (or above)''', you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you to install your CentOS operating system'''Mac''' or '''Linux''' computer and issue the following command:: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;">ssh senecauserid@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span>

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:vmwaressh-main-2window.png|thumb|right|500px100px|'''Main WMware application window''' in order Connect to create a new Matrix via '''Virtual Machinegraphical''' (SSH Program ]]'''VMMethod 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:''')]]

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''Windows'''.# If you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create are in a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' you can use MyApps to run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bitgraphical SSH application''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since One advantage of using this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it method is recommended to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceeding, that you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option are already at the bottom of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, Seneca and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folder). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box are NOT required to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return connect to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2student VPN.

===Part 2'''NOTE: Install CentOS on ''' You instructor may show you how to run a graphic Linux VM in order to connect to your Newly-Created VM ===Matrix account (if interested, refer to the optional tutorial at the end of this semester).

The next step is =INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT={{Admon/important|ATTENTION: This weekly tutorial must be completed by ''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2'' to perform obtain a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVDgrade of ''2%'' towards this course. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machine, The VMware Workstation application will automatically simulate a "boot" to allow |It is essential that you to complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and on time. These are your major learning tool in the installation process to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machinecourse. There are no late marks.}}

:'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# NextIn this section, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer learn how to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used access your hard disk for previous Matrix Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB account by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but in the '''Add a New Mount Point''' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Pointtwo different methods: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Done''' (possibly '''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3: Completing the Installation ===* From your '''home computer''' <br>:* From a '''workstation in a Seneca College''' lab via '''MyApps'''

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valignMETHOD 1: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER==="top"|[[Image:completed.png|thumb|right|500px|This screen indicates that installation is complete. ]]|}

[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|The '''Perform Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected.]]You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the Following Steps:'''ssh command'''.<br><br>

'''Perform the Following Steps:''' #During If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the installation processday, <br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Windows 10 (or above):'''</th> <th>'''macOS:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will required appear to create share a "'''root passwordpublic key''' " with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (for administration i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized accessby other users) <br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and create a '''regular user accountpublic key''', which can be shared with other computers. Click on Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''Root Passwordscramble''' ) transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and enter your root passwordcomputer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions. Think of an appropriate password ''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and record that press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password somewhere ''' in case you forget! An indicator will appear order to gain entry to show you how secure your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is. Retype <u>identical</u> to your root Seneca password and click .<br><br>'''DoneNOTE:''' (As you type the password, the text may have be '''hidden''' to click Done prevent others from viewing your password<br><ubr>twice</uli><li> if Enter your Seneca password is not considered and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be a strong password'''lowercase''' only).#</li><li>You need mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to create a regular user account''my.senecacollege. This account will be used ca'')<br><br>If you continue to graphical log into experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your host machinepassword correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands. It is never recommended <br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to graphically log into a graphical '''only interact with the Linux/Unix system as rootOS by issuing commands'''. It <br>The main reason for this is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command '''force students to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab)issue Linux commands'''.#Click <br><br></li><li>To '''User Creationexit''' and enter your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh''full namecommand.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER''', <br><br>'''usernameNOTE:''', You should notice that the you are disconnected and an appropriate that the original terminal window has '''passwordautomatically closed''' (.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and confirm password)then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process. Click <br><br>You will now learn an '''Donealternative method''' to finish access your Matrix account (click twice if password is not considered to be you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a strong password)graphical SSH application.<br/li></ol><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0" |- valign="top"

|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the '''Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <u>briefly</u> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove this installation DVD so that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept the license agreement, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select the license agreement prompt<br>'''==METHOD 2''' followed by ENTER (to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (to save the selection)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as the default input source and click '''Next'''.</li><li>Skip the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''.<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===

'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.''' <span style=INVESTIGATION 2"color: Common Post-Installation Tasks= {| width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|red;font- valign="top"|colspan="2"|[[Imageweight:taskbar.png|thumb|right|500px|The '''VM Workstation taskbar''' is useful when in full-screen mode to perform common virtual machine management tasks. ]]|- valign=bold;"top"|[[Image>NOTE:window-mode.png|thumb|right|320px|This diagram shows VMware Workstation running VM in '''window mode'''. This is NOT recommended section requires you have access to work in this modea Seneca computer lab on campus. You can press <br>If you don'''ALT-CTRL-ENTE'''R t have access to change to fullscreen modea Seneca computer lab this semester, and then again to toggle back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|[[Image:fullscreen-mode.png|thumb|right|300px|It is recommended to run VMware Workstation in '''full screen mode'''. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to skip this section</span><ubr>toggle</ubr> between window and fullscreen mode. It is recommended that you stay in fullscreen mode for the duration of your lab work. You can press '''ALT-CTRL-ENTER''' to change back to '''window mode''' if you need to access your main computer. ]]|}===Managing your Virtual Machine===

In future labs, you will have You can also connect to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VMMatrix server account in the '''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'''.<br><br>UsuallyOne advantage of this method is that your are at the college; therefore, '''you are do NOT required have to worry about connecting to use the Seneca VPN'''. Another advantage of using this menu (unless method is to introduce you need to "force-off" the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if a '''graphical program''' to allow you cannot normally shut-down connect to your Matrix account as opposed to using the c7host VM from '''ssh''' command (shown in the OSprevious section).<br>

On the other hand, there are [[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps''' ('''AppsAnywhere''') Main Window ]]This method would also be useful short-cut key if you should use:do '''not''' have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation.<br><br>

'''ALT-CTRL-ENTERMyApps''':Toggles the VM Workstation application window between ('''full screen modeAppsAnywhere''' ) is an application streaming service that lets you install software on any Seneca PC on demand. Any software application on the MyApps menu can be used on computers in classrooms, labs, and '''window mode'''the Computing Commons.

'''ALT-CTRL'''Reference:Return focus from your c7host VM to your '''host computer system'''https://inside.senecacollege. ca/its/software/myapps/

You will now use '''VMware ToolsMyApps''' is a collection of utilities on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to help improve the performance launch an application<br>to allow you to connect and efficiency of login to your Matrix server account.[[Image:apps-anywhere.png|thumb|right|250px|Several SSH applications will appear. We will use the VMapplication called '''s operating systemSSH Client''' for this practice tutorial. Some features include:]]

It is recommended to install VMware Tools on your system. Click the '''VM''' menu and select 'Perform the Following Steps:''Install VM Tools'''. The installation program will run in the background until the install is complete.

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL''' that you do '''NOT''' remove your SSD drive during your CentOS 7 session. You are required to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine as you would with any operating system. Also, you are required to use Perform the Following Steps:'''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media''' tool in the system tray on your Windows machine to properly disconnect your SSD device. <br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)'''.}}

# Click on the '''Edit''' menu item, and then select '''Settings''' in the Edit drop-down menu.<br><br># To change the size of your shell window, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Appearance'''<br><br># Change the ''window size'' both horizontal and vertical to larger values.<br><br># To change the font size, under the ''Global Settings'' section, click '''Font'''<br><br># Select a larger ''font size'' and click '''OK'''<br><br># You now should notice that you have customized your SSH shell terminal. You can use the settings screen to also change your background and text colours if you are interested in doing so.<br><br># To exit your Matrix session, type the following command and press ENTER: <span style===Part 1"color: Turning Off Locked Screenblue;font-saver===weight:bold">exit</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the colour of the text changes slightly when disconnected and you are unable to issue Linux commands from that window.<br><br># After you have disconnected from your account, close the SSH Secure Shell Client application window.<br><br># It is recommended to repeat these steps with connecting to your Matrix account from a Seneca lab workstation until you become comfortable with the process.<br><br>

Your system automatically enables a '''screen-saver''' application which is a useful security tool In the next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off as the locked screen"shell"), learn how to get help with Linux commands, use command-saver for this (line editing short cut keys, and other) virtual machine can be useful when waiting for your instructor run a program to come over confirm that you connected to "sign-off" your computer lab without having Matrix account in order to re-issue user passwordsget marks for this online tutorial.

'''To Disable =INVESTIGATION 2: USING THE LINUX SHELL =In this investigation, you will learn how to use the Locked Screen-saver, Perform Linux Shell. Topics in the following stepssection include:'''

#Click on :* Learn the basic '''power button at the top right-hand corner of the windowLinux command structure'''.#Click the ''('Settings'arguments'' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw-driver and wrench icon.#Click the ''options'Power'):* Learn how to get '' icon located in the 'help'Settings'' Dialog Box#Change the amount of time in for Linux commands via the '''Power Savingonline manual''' section to (i.e. '''Neverman''' or a command).:* Perform '''longer period of timeBasic Shell Editing'''#Close the :* Issue a '''program'Settings'' Dialog box.to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su''': Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes The Bash shell allows you to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s)interact with Linux by typing commands.</li></ul></li></ul>}}|}

:'''Perform the following stepsThe basic Linux command structure is as follows:'''

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="colorfamily:#3366CCcourier;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed with the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">more</span></code></b> commandargument1 argument2 . # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It '''What is highly discouraged and unsafe to disable SELinux on a public-facing server. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rules. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue.}}argument?'''

SELinux stands for An argument is used to change the default behaviour of a command. Arguments come in three major forms: # A command '''Securityoption'''.#* Example: <code>-Enhanced Linuxl</code># A '''file pathname'''. It is a component that helps to better secure the system to protect against intrusion #* Example: <code>/etc</code># A series of characters (hackers)i. SELinux is enabled upon the default install of CentOSe. SELinux can be a good thing, if you take care of it and know how it works. For this course it is strongly recommended that you '''disable SELinux by defaulttext''' because we won't have ) that the time to reconfigure it every time the labs make it necessarycommand can use.#* Example: <code>"Hello, world."</code>

:An '''Perform the following Steps:argument'''<u>must be separated</u> from a command (and from other arguments) by whitespace (a '''SPACE''', '''MULTIPLE SPACES''' or a '''TAB''').

# Make sure you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Edit the file '''/etc/selinux/config'''Perform the Following Steps: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set '''SELINUX''' to '''<u>disabled</u>''' (from ''enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>

# Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location''' on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your steps to make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style= Part 4"font-family:courier;color: Perform Software Updatesblue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2)

Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure and stable. On ==Getting Help with Linux, we use package managers to install software and updates. Package managers not only perform installations, but they keep track of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy management. For CentOS, this manager is called yum. Yum is also the command used.Commands==

:With the Linux OS containing over '''2500'Perform the following steps:''commands and utilities, it's important for Linux users and Linux system administrators (sysadmin) to learn how to use commands “on-the-fly”.

# Open Terminal.# Login as root: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b># Type: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">yum update</span></code></b># Follow the prompts.# If there The '''man''' utility is an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to use a kernel update, reboot your systemgiven command (i. (There usually is on a first update after OS installatione.'''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').

# For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''Answer Investigation 2 observations numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys''' within the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (all parts refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also use your mouse's scroll wheel.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and questionswrite down the '''option letters''' that correspond to the following descriptions:#*"'''use a long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files) #*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to entries'''" (i.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility.# Issue the '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of those option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option.#* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a text pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of command - in this case, administration commands). We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course.# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux systems, you can by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is changed automatically when you change your lab log book''myseneca'' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''man''' command for '''passwd'''.# Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front You will now learn how to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-definedperform ''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(ls)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>if / elif / else statements</u>editing'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwise, false (non-zero), thus can use with logic statements.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command (args contained inside with spaces). The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate pressing the shell script with a false valueENTER key.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Mark"''<br>''elif [ $grade -gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You pass"''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negation.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It is very Let's learn a few common Bash Shell keyboard shortcut keys and find out where you can access online help for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardwareshortcuts (if required).

Therefore'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.]]# Type the following Linux command, but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', it makes sense select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to <u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls.png|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to also have a record end of the installed computer software as wellcommand line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. This can contain information regarding What happens?<br><br># Press the Linux operating system<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, installed softwareand see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and network connectivity information<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is it important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is the advantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]

:'''Perform the Following Steps:Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''<table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:script-check-1.png|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</td><td>[[Image:script-check-2.png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a warning, then feedback is provided to user to correct and re-run checking script.]]</td></table>

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for your installed c7hostVMmarks (within a deadline). You should take time In order to issue each of these commands to view the outputconfirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, and record this chart in your lab1 logbook.<br><br># Login you will be required to your c7hostVM, open run a Bash Shell terminalprogram (or in later tutorials, and login as root by issuing the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain several programs) to '''<u>record output</u>''' from these commands (except for the '''ps -ef''' output) prove that you successfully completed tasks in your lab1 logbooka tutorial and get marks.

<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" width="50%" style="border-top: thin solid black;margin-left:60px;"><caption>If you have correctly completed the required tasks, the user can proceed. If the checking shell script detects an '''Linux/Unix System Information Utilitieserror'''</caption> <tr valign="top>, then it will provide feedback to allow the student to fix that problem so they can re-run the checking shell scripts until they have successfully completed a task.

<td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Command(s)</td> <td style="border-bottom: thin solid black;font-weight:bold;background-color:#ffffff;">Purpose</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">uname -rv</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">hostname</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">ps -ef</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Basic Linux OS information such as '''kernel''' version, '''host-name''' of Linux server, and all '''processes''' that are running on Perform the system after installation.</td> </tr><tr valign="top"> <td width="20%" style="border-bottomFollowing Steps: thin solid black;"><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -a -l | wc -l'''</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">rpm -q -l gedit | wc -l</span></code></b></td> <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain number of installed packages in the rpm database. Option '''-q''' is to "query" information, option '''-a''' means for all installed packages, option '''-l''' means all files installed as opposed to just the application.</td> </tr>

<tr valign="top"># Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' by entering the following Linux command: <td width="20%" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;"><b><code>#* <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;">ifconfig</span></code></b><br><b><code><span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCbold;font-sizefamily:1.2emcourier;">route -ncd</span></code></b><br><b><code># Issue the following command to run a checking script:#* <span style="pointerfont-eventsfamily: none;cursor: defaultcourier;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">nslookup~uli101/week1-check</span> (at prompt, enter command#* '''Note: server) </code></b></td> <td width=''' The beginning character "20%'''~'''" style="border-bottom: thin solid black;">Obtain network connectivity confirmation including: is called '''IP ADDRESStilde''', . You get this character by pressing '''NetmaskSHIFT''', + '''routing`''' (default gatewaywhich is the key to the left of the number 1 on your keyboard), . # Your screen should clear and the default indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as '''Domain Name Serverconfirmation'''in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials.</td> </tr>#* Keep those confirmation email messages for the duration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.</table>!--

===Part 2:You may have learned about creating and running Bash Shell Scripts in your ULI101 course. Shell scripts help Linux users and system administrators to automate repetitive tasks to become more efficient and to help them save time. You will be reviewing and building a basic Bash Shell script to generate information reports for your newly-installed Linux host machine.Performing Online Assignments ===

<ol><li value="4">Refer to the Bash Shell Scripting Guide prior to proceeding with In this section. As you continueinvestigation, you are required will learn to make Bash Shell scripting notes in your lab1 logbook.</li>:* '''Select the correct section''' for assignment submission<li>Create a directory called bin in your root home directory to store your shell scripts by issuing * Perform the '''first section''' and '''3 parts of the command:<br><b><code><span style="color:second section''' of assignment #3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">mkdir /root/bin</span></code></b></li><li>Change to * '''Verify''' that newly-created you successfully completed both sections* '''binExit''' directory</li></ol>your online assignment #1.

&#35;!/bin/bash<br>'''Perform the following steps:'''<br>&#35; Author[[Image: *** INSERT YOUR NAME ***<br>Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]&#35; DateIn your Matrix account, issue the following command: *** CURRENT DATE ***<br>&#35;<br>&#35span style="color:blue; Purposefont-weight: Creates system info report<br>&#35bold;<brfont-family:courier">&#35; USAGE: .~uli101/myreport.basha1<br/span><br>if [ $USER != "root" ] # only runs if logged in as root<br>then<br>&nbsp;echo # Press '''ENTER''' at the "Notes"You must be logged in as rootscreen." >&2<br>&nbsp;exit 1<br>fi# A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.<br></code><br><ol><li valuespan style="9color:red;">Save your editing session, assign the '''myreport.bashWARNING''' file read and execute permissions (at least for : You need to select the owner) and run by typing:<bru>'''CORRECT'''<b/u><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1section for the course which you belong to.2em;">./myreport.bash</spanbr>If you do </codeu>NOT</bu>select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</lispan><libr> Did it work?</libr><li>Reopen # Determine your text'''ULI101 three-editing session for letter course section code'''/root/bin/myreportfrom your timetable.bash<br><br># Select the ''' and add the following lines of 3 letter code ''' corresponding to the bottom of the shell script file:<u>correct</olu> '''ULI101 <u>section<br/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">&#35; Create report titleENTER<br><br>echo "SYSTEM REPORT" > /root/report.txt<br>echo "Date: $(date +'%A %B %d, %Y (%H:%M:%p)')" span>> /root/report.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br></code><br><ol><li value="8">Save and run the bash shell script. View the contents of the file called '''report.txt''' that was generated (I hope # After you are using the up arrow key to issue previously issued commands in order to save time!). Notice how the redirection symbol &gt; is used at the beginning of the reporthave selected your course section, and then the other redirection symbol &gt;&gt; is used to help "grow" the report with the other contentThere will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.</libr><li>The only remaining content of the report would be the system information. We can use Please take a shell scripting trick called "command substitution" $( .. ) in order place results from an command few moments to be used by another command (like echo). Re-edit the shell script read those notes and add the following code at the bottom of the shell script file:press </li></ol><br><code span style="color:#3366CC;font-family:courier;font-size:.9emblue;font-weight:bold;">echo "Hostname: $(hostname)" ENTER</span>> /root/reportto proceed.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo "Kernel Version[[Image: $(uname assn-section-rv)" >> /root/reportcompletion.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to View Which Sections Need to be Completed.txt<br>]]echo >> /root/report# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.txt<br></code><br>'''NOTES:'''<olul><li value=>Near the bottom of the window, you will see '''"10You are currently registered to">Save, run ''' followed by the script, '''section letter''' and view the ''report.txt'instructor name''' contents (are you using tip . Double-check your course timetable to confirm that was given to save time?)this the correct section letter.</li><li>Edit the shell script and include output from If you have selected the <b><code>WRONG section, type <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxC</span></code></b> in the menu selection area and <b><code>press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span></code></b> commands (with appropriate titles). Remember You will return back to redirect that output the original window to add to the bottom of the file!select your correct course section.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.</li><li>What would be Near the use top of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value="14">Here the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are some more "complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform NOT required to complete all sections at the same tasktime. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Although you Sections that are not require to understand some of these NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text with a blue background'''. On the other trickshand, it is recommended that when you view compete a section, then the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examplessection will appear as regular text (i.</li><li>The <b><code>wget</code></b> command can be used to quickly download files from the Internete not in reverse text). Issue the following command:<br><bbr><code><span style="pointer[[Image:assn-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CC;fontcompleted-size:1window.2em;">wget https://ictpng|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to Confirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bash</span></code></b>]]</li><li>Verify If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for the file text '''text-report.bash"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment:"''' was downloaded to and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your current directorycorrect course section.</libr><libr>Assign read and execute permissions for this file by issuing the command: <b/li><code/ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to downloaduse reference sheets for course evaluations, studyit is recommended to create one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and run the following shell scripts on-line:options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, midterm exam, and final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->

Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:

:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''

[[Category:OPS235]][[Category:OPS235 Labs]][[Category:CentOS 7]][[Category:SSD2ULI101]]