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{{Admon/caution|DO NOT USE THIS VERSION OF THE LAB. This page will no longer be updated.|'''New version here:''' https://seneca-ictoer.github.io/ULI101/A-Tutorials/tutorial1<br />'''Andrew's students please go here:''' http://wiki.littlesvr.ca/wiki/OPS145_Lab_1}}=LEARNING ABOUT USING YOUR MATRIX SERVER ACCOUNT====Main Objectives of this Tutorial===* Learn how to access your '''Matrix''' server account (from home and/or from Seneca computer lab).* Learn several ways to '''exit''' your Matrix Linux Account session.* Understand the '''Linux command structure''' and how to get '''help''' with Linux command usage.* Become efficient with '''Linux command line editing''' by using '''short-cut keys'''.* Issue a '''checking program''' (i.e. ''Shell Script'') to '''confirm''' that you accessed your Matrix account.* Perform '''LINUX PRACTICE QUESTIONS''' for additional practice.

===Main Objectives of this Practice TutorialReference Material===

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* List the steps to connect to your Matrix server account from a computer 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;"|Course Notes / Software<u>'''outside</ubr> of Seneca College'''.

|colspan="2" style="font-size:* Working with the 16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|Linux '''Command Prompt''' (Linux '''shell''')/Shortcut Reference<br>

|colspan="1" style="font-size:* Changing your Matrix Account '''Password'''16px;font-weight:bold;border-bottom: thin solid black;border-spacing:0px;padding-left:15px;"|YouTube Videos<br>

|- valign="top" style="padding-left:* '''Exiting''' your Matrix Linux Account15px;"

|colspan="2" |'''Slides:'''<ul><li>Week 1 Lecture 1 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.1.pptx PPTX]</li><li>Week 1 Lecture 2 Notes:<br> [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pdf PDF] | [https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/slides/ULI101-1.2.pptx PPTX] <br></li></ul>'''Tutorials:'''<ul><li>[https://wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/wiki/Tutorial_1:_Using_Your_Matrix_Server_Account#INVESTIGATION_1:_ACCESSING_YOUR_MATRIX_LINUX_ACCOUNT HOWTO:* Performing Access Your Matrix Account]</li></ul>'''Review QuestionsWindows SSH client Software:''' for Additional Practice<ul><li>[http://www.sfsu.edu/ftp/win/ssh/SSHSecureShellClient-3.2.9.exe SSH/SFTP]</li><li>[https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/latest.html Putty]</li><li>[https://www.bitvise.com/ssh-client-download Bitvise SSH Client]</li><li>[https://mobaxterm.mobatek.net/download-home-edition.html MovaXterm]</li></ul>

| style===Purpose of Having a "padding-left:15px;" |'''Matrix AccountAccess:'''*[https://ss64.com/bash/logout.html logout , exit]<br>*[https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-typing-Ctrl+C-and-Ctrl+D-in-the-Linux-terminal &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/passwd.1.html passwd]<br>'''Command Line Editing:'''*[https://www.ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Bash Shell Shortcut Keys]<br>| style==="padding-left:15px;"|'''General Linux Commands:'''*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html pwd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cd.1p.html cd]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1p.html ls]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cal.1.html cal]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/date.1.html date]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/who.1.html who] , [http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/w.1.html w]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/whoami.1.html whoami ,who am i]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/clear.1.html clear , &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;l&gt;]<br>

Just like with other operating systems like MS Windows, it is important to learn how to |colspan="1" style="padding-left:15px;" width="30%"|'''open a command prompt in order to issue Linux commands to perform common Linux OS tasksBrauer Instructional Videos:'''<ul><li>[https://www.youtube. In Unixcom/Linuxwatch?v=L5RcOngDV_o Connecting to Matrix Using SSH Client, a '''shell''' is simply an interface and Running UBUNTU Within Windows 10]<br><br></li><li>[https:// interpreter to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server)www.youtube. com/watch?v=3wZmZOKLllk&list=PLU1b1f-2Oe90TuYfifnWulINjMv_Wr16N&index=2 Linux shells have evolved File System, Basic Navigation (improvedls, cd, pwd, tree) over a period of time. You will be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be user-friendly., Absolute and Relative Paths]</li></ul>

=KEY CONCEPTS==Layout of the Matrix Server===[[Image:matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|350px|The Matrix server consists of several Virtual Computers all connected together to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to larger servers. ]]

The ===Purpose of Your Student Account on Matrix server consists of '''several Virtual Computers connected together''' to form a '''cluster'''. A cluster is a cost effective alternative to buying larger servers.===

All registered students in this course have access to an account on the Matrix server.You While attending Seneca College, you will be using this account for the following reasonsmany different computer systems.Some of these servers include:

In the next section, you will |-| style="padding-left:0px;width:10%" |'''learn how .senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |Learning Content Management System (''Link to connect to and login to your Matrix server account both at the college and from a remote computer such as your home computer or your laptop computer.Resources'' / ''Student Grades'' / ''Online Quizzes'')

|-| style=INVESTIGATION 1"padding-left: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT0px;width:10%" |'''wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca'''| style="padding-left:15px;width:65%" |''Lecture Notes'' / ''Tutorials'' (weekly, review) / ''Practice Questions'' / ''Additional Learning Resources''

In this labUnix/Linux, you a '''shell''' is simply an '''interface''' to allow a user to communicate with the Linux computer system (server). Linux shells have evolved (improved) over a period of time. You will learn be using the '''Bash Shell''' which is considered to be ''user-friendly''. By understanding how to install your issue Linux commands, you can create a file that contains Linux commands (called a '''CentOS Full Install DVDshell script''' as ) later in this course to automate tasks to make you a virtual machine using the more '''VMware Workstationproductive''' applicationLinux user and system administrator.

===Part 1Layout of the Matrix Linux Server===[[Image: Using VMware Workstation Pro matrix-layout.png|thumb|right|250px|The Matrix server consists of several Computers connected together to Create form a '''cluster'''. A '''Linux Cluster''' is a New Virtual Machine (VM) ==='''cost effective''' alternative to larger servers. ]]

===Connecting to the Seneca Student VPN===[[Image:gp1.png|thumb|right|130px|'''<u>c7host VM Details:</u>Seneca Student VPN''']]

*All Seneca College students are required to connect to the '''Name:Seneca Student VPN''' c7host*in order to be able to connect to their '''Boot media / Installation:Matrix''' CentOS 7 Full Install DVD (image file):::*Download at Seneca College: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso:::*Download Linux account when outside Seneca College:<br>http://mirror.netflash.net/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1908.iso*of campus as a '''Disk space:network security''' 238GB *'''CPUs:''' 1 CPU, 4 cores measure. The Seneca Student VPN uses multi-factor authentication (recommendedMFA)when logging in to verify you are who you say you are.

[[Image:Format_ExFAT.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Format drive window''' <b>Multi-factor authentication</b> is an electronic authentication method in order which a computer user is granted access to a website or application only after successfully presenting two or more pieces of evidence (or factors) to format your new SSD as '''exFAT''' an authentication mechanism: knowledge (something the user and only the user knows).'''Windows''')]]Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication

{{AdmonYou should have received an e-mail message with instructions on how to set up your smartphone for multi-factor authentication. If you haven't installed it yet, please do so by following the ITS instructions here: https://students.senecacollege.ca/caution|FORMAT YOUR SSD AS exFAT|spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn In the next investigation, you will learn how to '''connect'''to and ''You 'login'must'' format to your external drive Matrix server account from a remote computer such as exFAT.your '''home desktop computer'''<br>By default, most drives will be formatted for NTFS. <u>'''NTFS-formatted drives will cause issues in this course!laptop'''or ''</u> When you plug your drive in, open My Computer, right-click on the new drive, and select 'tablet'Format...''computer.}}

{{Admon/important===Connecting to Your Matrix Account===[[Image:cls-shell.png|thumb|Confirm External SSD Device is Recognized as a Drive in Windows Explorerright|It is essential that your Windows machine recognizes your SSD device with a drive letter on your Windows machine. You may experience problems if you are using the Kingston SSD. If so, then run 100px|Connect to Matrix via'''diskmgmt.mscssh''' in order command]]There are two basic methods to connecting to create a volume and format your disk1Matrix account.}}

{{Admon/important|Enabling Virtualization on your Home Computer|If you are going to try this lab on your home computer, there are a few things you need to be aware:<br><ul><li>'''RAM Size considerationsMethod 1:''' Your Seneca Lab Workstations have '''16GB''' of RAM. Your home computer should have a <u>sufficient amount of RAM</u> in order to function efficiently.<br></li><li>'''Enable Virtualization in home computer's BIOSRun ssh Command from command prompt:''' Most home computers do not have Virtualization enabled on their computer's BIOS. In your machines BIOS/UEFI: Enable the options VT-X(required) and VT-D(only if available)</li></ul>}}

Before you can install your CentOS Full Install DVD onto your Virtual Machine, you must first create a storage container which is a virtual machine that will provide a platform for you [[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|100px|Connect to install your CentOS operating system.Matrix via '''graphical''' SSH Program ]]'''Method 2: Run graphical ssh program via MyApps in Seneca computer lab:'''

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:vmware-2.png|thumb|right|500px|'''Main WMware application window''' If you are in order a Seneca computer lab, you can use MyApps to create run a new '''Virtual Machinegraphical SSH application''' ('''VM''')]]for your Windows machine. One advantage of using this method is that you are already at Seneca and are NOT required to connect to the student VPN.

# Although the images may be a little out of date (i.e. not exact), you can refer to this listing of installation screenshots for general reference:<br>[[http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/ssd2/ installation screen-shots] ]<br># Power up the computer in your Seneca lab in '''WindowsNOTE:'''.# If You instructor may show you haven't already downloaded the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD ISO, then download the following link for the CentOS 7 Full Install DVD image on your local computer: <br>https://mirror.senecacollege.ca/centos/7/isos/x86_64/CentOS-7-x86_64-DVD-1810.iso# Plug your SSD drive into your computer. Note the drive letter for that device.# Format your SSD to use exFAT, '''not NTFS'''. Open ''My Computer'', right-click on the SSD, and select ''Format...''. The dialog box should have the '''exFAT''' option selected, as the example how to your right shows. Once selected, click ''Start''.# Create a folder called: '''Virtual Machines''' on your SSD device.# On your Seneca computer lab workstation, click the '''Windows Menu''' button and type '''VMware'''.# There are two VMware products: '''VMware Workstation Pro''' and ''VMware Player''.# Run the '''VMware Workstation Pro''' application (do '''<u>NOT</u>''' run VMware Player!).# <span style="background-color:yellow;">In your VMware Workstation application window, click the '''Edit''' menu, then select '''Preferences'''. Under the '''Default Location For Virtual Machines''', enter the pathname for the newly created folder in your SSD device and click '''OK'''</span>.# Click on the item labelled '''Create a New Virtual Machine'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' We will just be creating a "shell" for the VM to contain our CentOS 7 graphic Linux operating system.<br>This will allow us to configure the VM properly so it will boot-up properly in our Seneca labs.<br><br># Select the '''Custom (advanced)''' for the Virtual Machine Configuration setting and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' at the next screen order to proceed.# Select the '''I will in<u>s</u>tall the operating system later''' option and click '''Next'''.# In the next screen, select '''Linux''' as the '''Guest Operating System''', and '''CentOS 7 64-bit''' for the OS ''version'' and click '''Next'''.# Enter '''c7host''' for the ''<u>V</u>irtual machine name'' and note the location where the image will be stored on your Windows machine and click '''Next'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' Since this "virtual machine" will be supporting other virtual machines (i.e. nested VMs), it is recommended connect to select a '''higher number or core processors''' (like 2 or 3).<br>You can always change this setting later on to maximize the performance of running the "nested" VMs on your Host VM.<br><br># Select <b>1 CPU, 4 cores</b> and click '''Next''' . # In the following screen, change the Memory from ''1GB'' to '''8GB''' (i.e. '''8192 MB''') and click '''Next'''.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''NAT''') for the network type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default (i.e. '''LSI Logic''') for the SCSI Controller type.# Click '''Next''' to accept the default Matrix account (i.e. '''SCSI''' for the virtual disk type).# Click '''Next''' to accept ''Create New Virtual Disk''.# Change the Maximum Disk Size from ''20GB'' to '''238GB''' and click '''Next'''.# Accept the default Disk File name (i.e. c7host.vmdk) and click '''Next'''.# Quickly review your VM settings in the final setup wizard dialog box and click '''Finish'''.# You should now see a detailed screen for your '''c7host''' VM on the right-hand side.<br><br>'''ATTENTION: PRIOR to proceedingif interested, you MUST perform the following step <u>BEFORE</u> starting your Host VM in order to allow your Host VM to run correctly!!!<br>Students that do not follow these procedures exactly will run in refer to problems when trying to perform lab2 !!! You have been warned!!!.'''<br><br># Make certain that your Host VM is <u>'''NOT'''</u> powered on before proceeding!# In the right-hand window (below "c7host"), and below ''"Power on this virtual machine"'', click the link called '''Edit virtual machine settings'''.# <span style="background-color:yellow">In this setup dialog box, click the '''options''' tab and then click the '''Advanced''' option optional tutorial at the bottom end of the list. On the right-hand side, under ''Firmware Type'', '''select the radio button for UEFI'''. Then click on the '''Hardware''' tab, and then select the '''CD/DVD (IDE)''' device and select in the right-side select the radio button for the '''use ISO Image file'''. Click the '''Browse''' button and specify the path of your downloaded CentOS 7 Full install DVD (most likely file is contained in your Downloads folderthis semester). Click '''Processors''', and click the check-box to <u>enable</u> '''Virtual Intel VT-X/EPT or AMD-V/RVI'''. When finished, click on the '''OK''' button</span>.# You will return to your c7host VM. Click '''Power on this virtual machine''' icon near the top to boot your c7host VM to start your c7host VM, and proceed to Part 2.

=INVESTIGATION 1: ACCESSING YOUR MATRIX LINUX ACCOUNT==Part {{Admon/important|ATTENTION: This weekly tutorial must be completed by ''Friday at 11:59pm in Week 2'' to obtain a grade of ''2: Install CentOS %'' towards this course.|It is essential that you complete these Weekly Tutorials fully and on time. These are your Newly-Created VM ===major learning tool in the course. There are no late marks.}}

The next step is to perform a custom installation for your CentOS 7 virtual machine using the CentOS 7 Full DVD. Upon creation of your c7host virtual machineIn this section, The VMware Workstation application you will automatically simulate a "boot" learn how to allow you to complete the installation process to create the CentOS 7 operating system on that virtual machine.access your Matrix Linux account by two different methods:

:* From your '''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:installation_summary.png|thumb|right|400px|The '''Installation Summary''' screen provides flexibly when configuring to install on your home computer. ]]# Select from the installation menu: '''Install CentOS 7'''.# Next, you will be prompted for a language. In the first screen, select language '''English''' with subselection '''English-Canada''' and then click the '''Continue''' button on the bottom right-hand screen.# The '''Install Summary''' should now appear. This screen allows the installer to customize their CentOS 7 system prior to installation.# Configure the following installation settings from the ''Install Summary Screen'':<br><br>::<b>DATE & TIME:</b><ul><li>Click on the Map to select Toronto area (you may also select from the drop-down menu section)</li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>::<b>SOFTWARE SELECTION:</b><ul><li>Select the software packages labelled: <b>Gnome Desktop</b></li><li>Click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.<br><br></li></ul>::<b>NETWORK & HOSTNAME (you may need to scroll downwards):</b><ul><li>Select the default Ethernet connection and click the button on the top right-hand side to change the setting from <b>OFF</b> to <b>ON</b>.</li><li>'''Also, at the bottom left-hand corner''', type the hostname: <b>c7host</b> (all lowercase letters)</li><li>Review your settings, then click the <b>DONE</b> button at the top-left corner to finish and return to the Installation Summary screen.</li></ul><br>{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Mount Points and Linux File System Types|Similar to other Operating Systems like windows '''fat''' / '''vfat''' / '''ntfs''' file system types, it is good to know a few common file system types in Linux for comparison:<br><ul><li><b>xfs:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem (fast transfer rates for large files, Journaling)</li><li><b>ext4:</b> &nbsp; Newer filesystem supporting large files and Journaling (used in for this lab)</li><li><b>ext2:</b> &nbsp; Stable filesystem popular for databases (no journaling)</li></ul>|}}|-|[[Image:partition_verification.png|thumb|right|450px|Carefully verify partition mount-names and sizes prior to proceeding with install. Check [http://matrix.senecac.on.ca/~murray.saul/ops235/installation/ installation screenshots] link for verification.]]|}::'''INSTALLATION DESTINATION:'''::*From the installation summary screen, click '''Installation Destination'''.::*In the installation destination screen, select the destination option: '''I will configure partitioning''' and then click '''Done'''.::*The manual partitioning screen should appear.::*If you have used your hard disk for previous Linux (CentOS) distributions, you should remove them. Click on the distribution, and for each partition, select the partition and click the remove button (minus sign) and confirm deletion.::Remember that the sizes are recorded in MB (eg. 30 GB = 30000 MB) and you should multiply GB by a factor of 1024 to get the correct size. (eg. '''30 GB x 1024 = 30720 MB''')<br><br><ol><li value="5">We will now create our partitions. '''Click on the add button (plus) sign'''.<br></li><li>In the '''Add a New Mount Point''', click the drop-down button and select '''/boot/efi''' for the mount point and type '''2954''' as the desired capacity, and then click '''Add mount point'''.</li><li>When you return to the main screen, make certain that this mount point is a '''Standard Partition''' and <u>not</u> ''LVM''.</li><li>Add the <b>/boot</b> mount point with a size of <b>500</b>. Leave the default settings and file system as xfs.</li><li>Add another mount point, but workstation in the '''Add a New Mount Point'Seneca College'' screen, select '''/''' as the mount-point (either by typing or selecting from drop-down menu), and enter '''30720''' in for partition size and click '''Add Mount Point''' button.</li><li> You will return to the previous dialog box.<br><span style="background-color:yellow">For the '''/''' partition, change the file-system type from '''xfs''' to '''ext4''' and make certain that the Device Type is set to LVM</span>.</li><li>Repeat the same steps above for the '''/home''' partition (calculate the equivalent size for '''40GB''' ('''ext4''' file-system type and LVM as device type).</li><li>Add a mount point '''/var/lib/libvirt/images''' (type yourself, check spelling!) for size '''100GB''' (file-system type ext 4 and device type '''LVM''').</li><li>Recheck each of the created partitions, and make certain that the file-system type is set to '''ext4''' and the Device Type should be '''LVM''', unless the instructions above tell you otherwise.</li><li>Finally, add a swap partition (Mount Point: swap) for '''16 GB'''.</li><li>Check that your partition settings are correct (you can ask your instructor or lab monitor to confirm), and then click '''Donevia ''' (possibly MyApps'''<u>twice</u>''') in order to proceed<br><br></li><li>A Summary of Changes screen will appear to show the partitioning operations that will be created. Click the '''Accept Changes''' and click '''Begin Installation''' in the Installation Summary screen to proceed with the installation.</li></ol>

=== Part 3METHOD 1: Completing the Installation CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM YOUR HOME COMPUTER===

{|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|[[Image:completedgp1.png|thumb|right|500px130px|This screen indicates that installation is completeThe '''Seneca Student VPN''' service must be connected. ]]|}You will now learn a quick and simple method of connecting to your Matrix account by opening<br>a text-based '''terminal''' (in any OS) and issuing the '''ssh command'''.<br><br>

:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''# If you want to connect to your Matrix account from home, you MUST first connect to the Seneca Student VPN.<br>Make certain that your '''Seneca Student VPN is connected'''.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you haven't set this up, refer to the following link for instructions;<br>https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/186/it-services/wiki/view/1025/student-vpn<br><br>You only have to connect to your Seneca student VPN once during the day,<br>or while you are logged into your computer.<br><br># Determine which '''operating system''' that your computer is using.<br><br># Try connecting to your Matrix account using the instructions in the '''table''' below based on <u>your</u> '''current operating system'''.<br><br><table style="margin-left:50px;"> <tr valign="top" style="text-align:center;"> <th>'''Windows 10 (or above):'''</th> <th>'''macOS:''' </th> <th>'''Linux:''' </th> </tr> <tr> <td>*From the start menu, type '''cmd''' and launch program*In the command terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td>*Click ''Launchpad'' icon, type '''terminal'''<br>and press '''ENTER'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> <td> *From the menu, choose:<br>'''Applications''' > '''System Tools''' > '''Terminal'''*In the terminal, enter the following command:<br><span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-size:.75em;">ssh senecausername@matrix.senecacollege.ca</span> </td> </tr></table><ol><li value="4">When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a '''dialog box''' will appear to share a "'''public key'''" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>''<b>FYI:</b> To make communications over a network '''secure''', a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other computers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt ('''scramble''') transmission to the remote computer, which in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt ('''unscramble''') those transmissions.''<br><br></li><li>Type '''yes''' and press '''ENTER''' to share your public key.<br><br>Next, a '''dialog box''' will appear prompting you for your Matrix account '''password''' in order to gain entry to your Matrix account.<br>Your Matrix password is <u>identical</u> to your Seneca password.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' As you type the password, the text may be '''hidden''' to prevent others from viewing your password<br><br></li><li>Enter your Seneca password and press '''ENTER'''<br><br></li>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to ''my.senecacollege.ca'')<br><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br></li></ol><li>If you entered your password correctly, the '''Matrix Linux shell''' should appear where you can enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''.<br>The main reason for this is to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands'''.<br><br></li><li>To '''exit''' your Matrix session, type the command <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that you are returned to the original command prompt where you issued the ''ssh'' command.<br><br></li><li>Type the same command at the '''command terminal prompt''': <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">exit</span> followed by '''ENTER'''<br><br>'''NOTE:''' You should notice that the you are disconnected and that the original terminal window has '''automatically closed'''.<br><br></li><li>Try accessing your Matrix account, and then exiting your Matrix account several times to become familiar with this process.<br><br>You will now learn an '''alternative method''' to access your Matrix account (if you have an MS Windows machine)<br>by downloading and running a graphical SSH application.</li></ol><br>

#During the installation process, you will required to create a '''root password''' (for administration access) and create a '''regular user account'''. Click on '''Root Password''' and enter your root password. Think of an appropriate password and record that password somewhere in case you forget! An indicator will appear to show you how secure your password is. Retype your root password and click '''Done''' (you may have to click Done <u>twice</u> if your password is not considered to be a strong password).#You need to create a regular user account. This account will be used to graphical log into your host machine. It is never recommended to graphically log into a graphical Linux/Unix system as root. It is better to log into a regular user account, then run a command to login as root (you will learn how to do this later in this lab).#Click '''User Creation''' and enter your '''full name''', '''username''', and an appropriate '''password''' (and confirm password). Click '''Done''' to finish (click twice if password is not considered to be a strong password).<br><br>{|width="50%" cellspacing="0"=METHOD 2: CONNECTING TO YOUR MATRIX ACCOUNT FROM SENECA COMPUTER LAB===

|- valign<span style="topcolor:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: This section requires you have access to a Seneca computer lab on campus.<br>If you don't have access to a Seneca computer lab this semester, then you can skip this section</span><br><br>

|{{Admon/important|Keep the root password the same for Host and VMs|In order You can also connect to simplify running the lab checking scripts in future labs, using the same root password for ALL machines (c7host and virtual machines). Also use the same username and passwords for all of your machines (c7host and virtual machines). <b>Do not do this Matrix server account in a production environment!</b>}}<br><br>|}<ol><li value="4">When installation is complete, you will notice a message at the bottom of the screen stating: '''CentOS is now successfully installed and ready for you to use!'''</li><li>Click the ''Seneca Computer lab via MyApps'Reboot''' button. Your DVD will <ubr>briefly</ubr> open in the DVD drive bay. Make certain to remove One advantage of this installation DVD so method is that CentOS will boot from your hard drive.</li><li>After the system reboots, a boot menu should briefly appear, then prompt the user to accept the License Information (this is only a one-time occurrence).<br> In order to accept are at the license agreementcollege; therefore, Click on '''License Not Accepted''' and graphically accept the license and then click '''FINISH CONFIGURATION''' to finish the installation process.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you do NOT have an older version of CentOS 7, you must perform the alternative steps:<br>Issue the following keystrokes:<br><br>'''1''' followed by ENTER (to select worry about connecting to the license agreement prompt<br>Seneca VPN'''2''' followed by ENTER (. Another advantage of using this method is to accept the license agreement)<br>'''c''' followed by ENTER (introduce you to save the selection)<br>a '''cgraphical program''' followed by ENTER (a second time to continue booting into the system)<br><br></li><li>The system should then graphically prompt the user allow you connect to login with their regular user account. Click on your '''regular user Matrix account name''' and '''enter your regular user password'''.<br><br></li><li>The last phase of the installation process should now run:<ul><li>Confirm English as opposed to using the default input source and click '''Nextssh'''.</li><li>Skip command (shown in the creation of online accounts by clicking '''Next'''previous section).<li>Start using your installed Linux system by clicking '''Start Using CentOS Linux'''.</li></ul><br></li><li>Open a web-browser and check to see if you can connect to the Internet.</li></ol>

[[Image:apps-anywhere-main-window.png|thumb|right|250px|'''MyApps'''Answer Investigation 1 observations (all parts and questions'''AppsAnywhere''') in your lab log book.Main Window ]]This method would also be useful if you do '''not'''have a home (notebook) computer and have access to a Seneca computer lab workstation.<br><br>

| style="padding-left:15px;width:10%" |<b>Linux Commands Used (click for online help):</b>You will now use '''MyApps''' on your Windows workstation in your Seneca lab room to launch an application<br>Logging Out of Linux Account*[https://linux.dieto allow you to connect and login to your Matrix server account.net/man/8/rpm exit]<br>*[http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/yum.8.html logout]<br>*[httpImage://man7.org/linux/manapps-pages/man8/yumanywhere.8.html &lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;d&gt;]<br>png|thumb|right| style="padding-left:15px;width:20%" 250px|Change Password<br>*[http://man7Several SSH applications will appear.org/linux/man-pages/man1/hostnameWe will use the application called '''SSH Client''' for this practice tutorial.1.html passwd]<br>]

In future labs, you will have to run your VMware Workstation application to boot-up your CentOS 7 host VM.Usually, you are NOT required to use this menu (unless you need to "force-off" '''Perform the c7host7 machine, but should only be performed if you cannot normally shut-down the c7host VM from the OS.Following Steps:'''

On # Start your workstation in your lab and login to your Seneca Windows account.<br><br># Make certain that the '''MyApps''' window is open. This window should have opened shortly after you logged into your Windows workstation. If the application windows is not open, click on the '''MyApps''' icon on the desktop to launch).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-main-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Client Application Window ]]<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">NOTE: You may be required to validate in order to use MyApps correctly. If you see near the top of the screen "requires validation", then click on that area to connect to validate.</span><br><br># Click on the '''Search Apps''' area located in the top right corner of the MyApps window and type the word: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">ssh</span><br><br># Several SSH applications will appear. <br><br>'''NOTE:''' All of these applications allow you to connect to your Matrix account.<br>We will use the application called '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' for this practice tutorial.<br><br># Launch the '''SSH Secure Shell Client''' application icon to launch this program.<br><br>[[Image:quick-connect-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Quick Connect Dialog Box ]]'''NOTE:''' Prior to launching the application, you can add this to your '''favourites''' which will make it faster<br>to access this application in the future.<br><br> # The main SSH Client window will appear. Click on the '''Quick Connect''' button.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' The Connect dialog box allows the user to specify the '''server name''' and your '''account name'''<br>to allow you to connect to the server.<br><br># Click on the textbox labelled Hostnanme and enter the text: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">matrix</span><br><br>'''NOTE:''' You can use the hostname '''matrix''' since you are located <u>inside</u> Seneca's network.<br>If you where located <u>outside</u> Seneca's network, then you would need to enter the full domain name: '''matrix.senecac.on.ca'''<br><br>[[Image:share-public-key.png|thumb|right|150px|Dialog Box to Share Public Key on Remote Server ]]# When connecting securely for the '''first time''', a dialog box will appear to share a "public key" with your Matrix account in order to make your interaction between your workstation and the remote Linux server secure within the network (i.e. encrypted to prevent unauthorized access by other users)<br><br>'''FYI:''' To make communications over a network secure, a computer generates '''two keys''': a '''private key''' that is kept on the computer, and a '''public key''', which can be shared with other handcomputers. Transmissions from your computer uses the private key to encrypt (scramble) transmission to the remote computer, there are useful shortwhich in turn, uses the public key to decrypt (unscramble) the transmission. Likewise, the remote computer uses the public key to encrypt (scramble) transmissions and your computer uses the private key to decrypt (unscramble) those transmissions.<br><br>[[Image:ssh-password-cut prompt.png|thumb|right|150px|Password Dialog Box ]]# Click the '''Yes''' button to share your public key .<br><br># Next, a dialog box will appear prompting you for your Matrix account password in order to gain entry to your Matrix account. Your Matrix password is identical to your Seneca password. As you type the password, the text will be blocked-out or hidden to prevent others from viewing the screen to obtain your password[[Image:ssh-authentication-response.png|thumb|right|150px|Authentication Response Dialog Box ]]<br><br># Enter your password and click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER'''<br><br>[[Image:ssh-login-error.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Login Error ]]# Click '''OK''' or press '''ENTER''' at the '''Authentication Response''' dialog box.<br><br>'''NOTE:''' If you encounter an '''error message''', this can occur for several reasons:<ol><li>You mis-spelled the '''name of the server'''</li><li>You mis-spelled your Matrix '''username''' (same username that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li><li>You have '''CAPS LOCK''' on by mistake (your username should be '''lowercase''' only).</li><li>You mis-spelled your '''password''' (same password that you connect to my.senecacollege.ca)</li></ol><br>If you continue to experience the same problems, click on the following link for IT service desk contact info: <br>[https://students.senecacollege.ca/spaces/190/support/wiki/view/1473/contact-its '''IT service desk'''].<br><br>[[Image:ssh-shell-window.png|thumb|right|150px|Matrix Shell Command Line Interface ]]#If you entered your password correctly, the main SSH Linux shell should useappear where you enter Linux commands.<br><br>The '''Matrix''' server has been configured to allow users to '''only interact with the Linux OS by issuing commands'''. There are various reasons for this, but the main 2 reasons are to '''force students to learn how to issue Linux commands''' as well as '''limitations to remote access to a graphical Linux server''' due to large number of users (students).<br><br>[[Image:ssh-settings-window.png|thumb|right|150px|SSH Settings Dialog Box ]]

You can '''ALT-CTRL-ENTERconfigure''':Toggles the VM Workstation SSH application to adjust elements such as the '''window between size'''full screen modeand '''text font type''' and text '''window modefont size'''.We will be showing you how to configure your SSH Secure Shell Client, but the other applications can allow you to configure their settings.<br><br>

'''ALT-CTRL'''Perform the Following Steps:Return focus from your c7host VM to your '''host computer system'''.

'''VMware Tools''' is a collection of utilities In the next investigation, you will learn how to issue Linux commands from the command prompt (referred to as the "shell"), learn how to get help improve the performance with Linux commands, use command-line editing short cut keys, and efficiency of the VM's operating systemrun a program to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account in order to get marks for this online tutorial. Some features include:

=INVESTIGATION 2:* Faster GraphicsUSING THE LINUX SHELL =:* Allow applications running in a VM In this investigation, you will learn how to be accessed use the Linux Shell. Topics in the host machine (unity interface):* Sharing folders between host and VM:* Copying and pasting text between host and among VMssection include:* Clock synchronization among host and VMs

It is recommended :* Learn the basic '''Linux command structure''' (''arguments'' and ''options''):* Learn how to install VMware Tools on your system. Click get '''help''' for Linux commands via the '''VMonline manual''' menu and select (i.e. '''Install VM Toolsman'''command). The installation :* Perform '''Basic Shell Editing''':* Issue a '''program will run in the background until the install is complete.''' to confirm that you connected to your Matrix account

{{Admon/caution|Properly Exiting CentOS 7 Session and Safely Removing USB Device|It is '''ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL''' that you do '''NOT''' remove your SSD drive during your CentOS 7 session. You are required to correctly shutdown your CentOS 7 host virtual machine The basic Linux command structure is as you would with any operating system. Also, you are required to use the '''Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media''' tool in the system tray on your Windows machine to properly disconnect your SSD device. <br><br>'''FAILURE TO DO THIS MAY DAMAGE YOUR HOST VM AND NOW ALLOW IT TO BOOT PROPERLY (YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED)follows:'''.}}

<span style===Part 1"font-family:courier;color: Turning Off Locked Screenblue;font-saver===weight:bold">command argument1 argument2 ... </span>

Your system automatically enables a Some Linux commands can be used as-is (e.g. '''pwd''', '''date''', '''ls''', '''screen-savercal''' application which is a useful security tool to prevent unauthorized viewing of information on a terminal after a certain amount of inactivity. Turning-off the locked screen-saver for this (and other) virtual machine , but many Linux commands can also be useful when waiting for your instructor to come over to "signissued with arguments (e.g. '''cal 2002''', '''cd /bin''', '''ls -off" your computer lab without having to rel -issue user passwordsa /bin''' ).

'''To Disable the Locked Screen-saver, Perform the following steps:What is an argument?'''

#Click on the '''power button at An argument is used to change the top right-hand corner default behaviour of the window'''a command.Arguments come in three major forms: #Click the A command '''Settingsoption''' icon (bottom left-hand side of menu - looks like a screw.#* Example: <code>-driver and wrench icon.l</code>#Click the A '''Powerfile pathname''' icon located in the ''Settings'' Dialog Box.#* Example: <code>/etc</code>#Change the amount A series of time in the characters (i.e. '''Power Saving''' section to '''Never''' or a '''longer period of timetext''') that the command can use.#Close the ''Settings'' Dialog box* Example: <code>"Hello, world."</code>

===Part 2: Accessing Administrative Privileges==={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Accessing the Administration Account (root)| Many administrative tasks require the root administrative account. There are many ways to access this administration account:<ul><li>Login: '''root''' (enter root password)</li><li>Switch User to root (without login):<ul><li>'''su'''Perform the Following Steps: Remains in regular user's directory, does not run root's startup script(s).</li><li>'''su -''' : Changes to root's home directory (/root) and runs root's start script(s).</li></ul></li></ul>}}|}

# Confirm that you are logged into your Matrix account.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Explanation:''' The output from this Linux command shows your '''current location'''Perform on the Matrix server (otherwise known as your '''p'''resent '''w'''orking '''d'''irectory). This represents a '''directory pathname''' to your home directory. We will discuss ''pathnames'' later in this course.# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' If there are any files in your home directory, only their file names are displayed.# Change your directory location by issuing the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /etc</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your changed current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' Your Linux session should display <code>/etc/</code> when running this command. If your output is different, retrace your stepsto make sure you haven't skipped anything or had a typo in a command.# Issue the following Linux command again: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? How is this different from the last time you ran it?# Re-run the ls command using an '''option''': <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls -l</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Answer:''' The '''-l''' option combined with the '''ls''' command displays a '''detailed''' ("''long''") listing of the same files, providing you with more information about each file. This is called metadata (data about data), and includes information such as last modified date, file size, ownership and permissions.# Return to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd</span># Now confirm you've changed back to your home directory: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Result:''' The shell should display <code>/home/''yourusername''</code># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls /bin</span># Issue the following Linux command to confirm your current location: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">pwd</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice?#* '''Question:''' What makes this command with that argument useful if you are currently located in your home directory?# Issue the following Linux command:<span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">clear</span>#* '''Question:''' What do you notice? Why is this command helpful?#* '''Tip:''' The shortcut keys to clear the screen for the Bash shell are: <span style="font-family:courier;color:font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span># Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">who</span>#* '''Question:''' What information does this command show?#* '''Answer:''' This command lists users that are logged into the same Linux server as yourself.#* '''NOTE:''' Remember that the Matrix Linux cluster contains several servers (or nodes). It won't display all users logged into the cluster, only the ones on the same node as you. # Issue the following Linux command: <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">whoami</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command display?#* '''Question:''' What do you think is the purpose of this command?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal</span>#* '''Question:''' What does this command do?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' How and why is the output different?# Issue the following Linux command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cal 2 2035</span>#* '''Question:''' What do each of these numbers do?#* '''Question:''' What do you think would happen if you reversed the order of those arguments? (i.e. cal 2035 2)

#Refer to the Information box regarding how to access the admin account from the command line.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su</span></code></b>. This will switch you to the '''root account'''. From there, issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. When finished logout of this account using the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">exit</span></code></b>.#Issue the command <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">su -</span></code></b>. Issue the <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">pwd</span></code></b> and <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">whoami</span></code></b> commands to confirm your directory pathname. What do you notice are the main differences between using '''su''' versus using '''su -''' ?# An installation log file called <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">/var/log/anaconda/packaging.log</span></code></b> has been created to record the installation of your c7host machine. This file is an ASCII file which can be viewed Getting Help with the <b><code><span styleLinux Commands="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">more</span></code></b> command. # You can make use of this file to determine how many packages have been installed: complete the following command to count the number of packages that are labelled "Installing" in the installation log file::: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">grep -i packaging /var/log/anaconda/packaging.log | wc -l'''</span></code></b>

{{Admon/important|Never disable SELinux in the real world| It The '''man''' utility is highly discouraged and unsafe an interactive collection of manual pages that provides information on how to disable SELinux on use a public-facing servergiven command (i. Some applications may require tedious steps to setup SELinux rulese. Disabling SELinux is never the correct way to solve an issue'''command usage''', '''acceptable command arguments''', '''command options''', '''examples''').}}

SELinux stands # For an example, issue the following command for the manual page about the manual utility: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man man</span>#* You may notice that the online manual categories commands into sections or '''numbered volumes'''.# Press the '''SPACE''' key to move to the next screen.#* '''Question:''' How many '''volume numbers''' are contained in the man pages (like '''executable commands''', '''games''', or '''system administrator commands''')?# You can use the following '''shortcut keys'''Securitywithin the man command to help navigate throughout this utility to get help with the ls command (refer to table below):#::<table cellpadding="3"><tr><th style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">Keyboard Shortcut</th><th style="border-Enhanced Linuxbottom: 1px solid black;">Purpose</th></tr><tr><td>'''ENTER'''</td><td>Move down one line</td></tr><tr><td>'''SPACEBAR'''</td><td>Move one screen down</td></tr><tr><td>'''&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;b&gt;'''</td><td>Move one screen up</td></tr><tr><td>'''/pattern/'''</td><td>Search for Pattern</td></tr><tr><td>'''q'''</td><td>quit man utility</td></tr></table># If you are connected to Matrix through a terminal application, you can also use your mouse's scroll wheel. It is a component # Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to exit the man command.# Use the ''man'' utility to get help with the ''ls'' command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man ls</span># Navigate through the '''ls''' manual page and write down the '''option letters''' that helps correspond to better secure the system following descriptions:#*"'''use a long listing format'''"#*"'''do not ignore entries starting with .'''" (i.e. hidden files)#*"'''sort by file size'''"#*"'''append indicator (one of */=>&|) to protect against intrusion entries'''" (hackersi.e. type of file)# Exit the man utility. SELinux is enabled upon # Issue the default install '''ls''' command using <u>each</u> of CentOSthose option letters you noted in '''step 5''' to see how the command's output changes with each option. SELinux #* '''NOTE:''' The '''man''' utility can be used with the '''-k''' option to help list Linux commands that match a good thingtext pattern that is contained within the help screen for a Linux command.# '''Pipeline commands''' can be used to filter-out unnecessary output. In the next command that you will be issuing, if you take care the output from the '''man -k''' command, is sent into the '''grep''' command to ''filter'' (i.e. ''trap'') only output that matches the pattern "8" (The number "8" refers to the category of type of it and know how it workscommand - in this case, administration commands). For We will learn more about pipeline commands later in this course .# Issue the following Linux pipeline command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">man -k user | grep 8</span>#* '''Question:''' How does this ''pipeline command'' make it easier to obtain information regarding man command?# If you wish to change your password on typical Linux systems, you can by issuing the command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">passwd</span>{{Admon/caution|Do NOT run the <code>passwd</code> command on Matrix!|Unique to this college, your Linux password is strongly recommended that changed automatically when you change your ''myseneca'' password.}}#* '''Question:''' What option for the ''passwd'' command can be used to change user info (such as name)?#* '''Hint:''' use the '''disable SELinux by defaultman''' command for '''passwd'' because we won't have .# Press the time <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">q</span> key to reconfigure it every time exit the labs make it necessaryman command.

:You will now learn how to perform '''Perform the following Steps:command line editing'''to correct syntax errors while typing Linux commands PRIOR to pressing the ENTER key.

# Make sure you're logged in as root. <b><code><span style="color=Command Line Editing==[[Image:#3366CC;fontcommand-line-size:1editing.png|thumb|right|520px|Command Line Editing Shortcut Keys.3em;">su -</span></code></b>]]# Edit the file Learning '''/etc/selinux/configshortcut keys''': <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">vim /etc/selinux/config</span></code></b># In the editing session, set in any OS terminal will allow you to be more productive as a ''Linux user'SELINUX'or '' to Linux System Administrator'''<u>disabled</u>'(commonly referred to as: '' (from 'Linux sysadmin'enforcing'') and save your editing session.# Restart your VM.# You can check the status of SELinux at any time at the command line by typing: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;">sestatus</span></code></b>

Running software updates regularly is an important part of keeping your computer secure '''Perform the Following Steps:'''[[Image:meta-key.png|thumb|right|370px|To make '''alt-f''' key work, select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and stableEscape)'''. On ]]# Type the following Linuxcommand, we but DON’T press the ''ENTER'' key:<br><span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">cd /bin</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-a</span> key combination. What happens?<br><br>'''NOTE:''' To make '''alt-f''' key work when use package managers the '''GRAPHICAL Windows SSH Client application''', select '''Edit''' -> '''Settings''' -> '''Keyboard''', and select the checkbox '''Use ALT as Meta key (and Escape)'''.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-f</span> key combination '''two times'''<br>(OPTION+right-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">alt-b</span> key combination '''one time'''.<br>(OPTION+left-arrow for Mac OSx).<br><br><table align="right"><tr valign="top"><td>[[Image:ctrl-b.png|thumb|right|150px|'''alt-b''' moves one word backwards for Windows OS]]</td><td>[[Image:ctrl-w.png|thumb|right|150px|'''ctrl-w''' deletes a word to install software and updates<u>left</u> of the cursor.]]</td><td>[[Image:new-ls. Package managers not only perform installationspng|thumb|right|150px|After command is deleted, but they keep track then type new command and press '''ctrl-e''' to move to end of everything that is currently installed on the system for easy managementcommand line.]]</td></tr></table># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-w</span> shortcut key. What happens?<br><br># Type the following command: <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ls</span><br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-e</span> key combination<br><br>What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ENTER</span> key to execute the command.<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key. What happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination. For CentOSWhat happens?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">up arrow</span> key combination, this manager and see what happens when you press <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">BACKSPACE</span> , <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;BACKSPACE&gt;</span> and <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">&lt;ctrl&gt;&lt;h&gt;</span>.<br>Why is called yumit important to know those series of key combinations?<br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-u</span> key combination to clear the line. Yum <br><br># Press the <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">ctrl-l</span> key combination. What happens? What is also the command usedadvantage of using '''ctrl-u''' as opposed to '''ctrl-l'''?<br><br>The Bash shortcut keys that you just learned are sufficient to perform Bash Shell editing.<br>Although you are NOT required to learn other short-cut keys, here is a link to a listing in case you are interested:<br>[https:// ostechnix.com/list-useful-bash-keyboard-shortcuts/ Useful Bash Shell Keyboard Shortcuts]

# Open Terminal.'''Running a Shell Script to Check Student Online Tutorial Participation'''# Login as root: <b><codetable align="right"><span styletr valign="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.3em;top">su -</span></code></btd># Type[[Image: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontscript-check-size:1.3em;">yum updatepng|thumb|right|250px|If all all check pass, then user performed can proceed.]]</spantd></codetd></b># Follow the prompts[[Image:script-check-2.# png|thumb|right|450px|If there is a kernel updatewarning, reboot your system. (There usually then feedback is on a first update after OS installationprovided to user to correct and re-run checking script.)]]</td></table>

'''Answer Investigation 2 observations Professors will require students successfully perform these online tutorials for marks (all parts and questionswithin a deadline). In order to confirm that you successfully performed a tutorial, you will be required to run a program (or in later tutorials, several programs) to prove that you successfully completed tasks in your lab log booka tutorial and get marks.'''

= INVESTIGATION 3: Using Shell Scripting to Generate System Information Reports ={|width="40%" align="right" cellpadding="10"|- valign="top"|{{Admon/note|Bash Shell Scripting Reference Guide:|<br>'''<u>She-bang Line</u>'''<ul><li>Forces shell script to run in a specific Shell</li><li>Must be at beginning of first line (eg. '''#!/bin/bash''')<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>Variables</u>'''<blockquote>'''Environment'''<ul><li>System-wide or "global" variable</li><li>Usually appear in UPPERCASE letters</li><li>Can view with command: '''set &#124; more'''</li><li>'''$''' in front to expand variable to value<li>Examples: '''USER''', '''PATH''', '''HOME''', '''SHELL'''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''User-defined''' <ul><li>Variable created by user (command line, scripting)</li><li>Examples:<br>''myVar&#61;"my value"; readonly myVar; export myVar''<br>''read -p "enter value: " myVar''</li></ul></blockquote><blockquote>'''Positional parameters'''<ul><li>Assign values with set command or shell script arguments</li><li>These variables are numbered programs (eg. $1, $2 ... $10}</li><li>Special parameters: $*, $@, $#, $$, $?<br></li></ul></blockquote>'''<u>Command Substitution</u>'''<ul><li>Useful method to expand output from a command to be used known as an argument for another command.</li><li>Examples:<br>''file $(lsShell Scripts)''<br>''set $(ls);echo $#;echo $*''<br>''echo "hostname: $(hostname)"''<br><br></li></ul>'''<u>will check your work and offer feedback if / elif / else statements</u>'''<ul><li>If a command runs (even pipeline command like to grep to match) will be true (0); otherwiseyou made mistakes, false (non-zero), thus so you can use with logic statementsmake corrections.</li>Example:<br>''if echo $myVar &#124; grep "match"''<br>''then''<br>''echo "Match"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>The '''test''' command is used to test conditions. Square brackets '''[ ]''' is short-cut for test command Making corrections (args contained inside with spaces)i. The '''exit''' command can be used to terminate the shell script with a false valuee.<br>Example:<br>''if [ $USER &#61; "root" ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You must be root" ''<br>&nbsp;''exit1''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For numberic comparison, use the '''test options''': '''troubleshooting) and re-gt''','''-ge''', '''-lt''', '''-le''', '''-eq''', '''-ne'''<br>Example:<br>''if [ $grade -gt 79 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You get Good Markrunning these checking programs until you are successful will help students gain "''<br>''elif [ $grade hands-gt 49 ]''<br>''then''<br>&nbsp;''echo on"You passexperience as well as "''<br>''else''<br>&nbsp;''echo "You fail"''<br>''fi''<br></li><li>For testing for file information, you can use '''-d''' to test if directory pathname exists, and '''trouble-f''' if the file pathname exists. You can use '''!''' for negationshooting experience.<br>Examples:<br>''if [ -d directory-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "directory exists"''<br>''fi''<br><br>''if [ ! - f file-pathname ]''<br>''then''<br> ''echo "File does not exist"''<br>''fi''</li></ul>}}|}

It is very common for System Administrators to keep records regarding their installed computer systems. For example, it is necessary to have a record of all '''Perform the hardware information for each machine in order to help fix computer hardware problems, and to assist when purchasing additional consistent computer hardware.Following Steps:'''

Therefore, it makes sense # Make certain that your current directory is '''your home directory''' by entering the following Linux command:#* <span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;font-family:courier;">cd</span># Issue the following command to also have run a record checking script:#* <span style="font-family:courier;color:blue;font-weight:bold">~uli101/week1-check</span>#* '''Note:''' The beginning character "'''~'''" is called '''tilde'''. You get this character by pressing '''SHIFT''' + '''`''' (which is the key to the left of the installed computer software number 1 on your keyboard). # Your screen should clear and indicate that you have proved that you have successfully logged in.# An email will be sent to your Seneca email as well'''confirmation''' in case your ULI101 professor is assigning marks to these tutorials. This can contain information regarding #* Keep those confirmation email messages for the Linux operating system, installed software, and network connectivity informationduration of this semester as proof that you have completed those checking scripts in case there is a discrepancy in tutorial grades.<!--

===Part 2:'''Perform the Following Steps:'''Performing Online Assignments ===

# Study the Linux commands and their purpose to note computer software information for your installed c7hostVM. You should take time are required to issue each of these commands to view the output, and record perform '''3 online assignments''' throughout this chart in your lab1 logbookcourse.<br><br># Login This online assignment is used to your c7hostVM, open a Bash Shell terminal, teach and login as root by issuing the command:reinforce<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1.2em;">su -</span></code></b><br><br># Make certain Linux commands to gain experience for '''quizzes''', '''<u>record output</u>test 1''' from these commands (except for the midterm) and '''ps -eftest 2''' output(final) in your lab1 logbook.

'''Perform the following steps:'''[[Image:Assn-initial-window3.png|thumb|right|250px|Initial Assignment Window to Allow Student to Select Correct Course Section. ]]# In your Matrix account, issue the following command:<br><code span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-familyweight:courierbold;font-sizefamily:.9em;font-weight:bold;courier">~uli101/a1</span><br><br>echo # Press '''ENTER''' at the "Hostname: $(hostname)Notes" screen.<br><br> /root/report# A screen similar to the one displayed on the right will appear.txt<br>echo >> /root/report.txt<br>echo <span style="Kernel Versioncolor: $(uname -rv)red;" >'''WARNING''': You need to select the <u> '''CORRECT'''</root/reportu> section for the course which you belong to.txt<br>echo If you do <u>NOT</u> select your correct section, your assignment may not be recorded for marks!</root/report.txtspan><br></codebr># Determine your '''ULI101 three-letter course section code''' from your timetable.<br><olbr><li value="10">Save, run the script, and view # Select the ''report.txt'3 letter code''' contents (are you using tip that was given corresponding to save time?).the </liu>correct<li/u>Edit the shell script and include output from the '''ULI101 <bu>section<code/u>''' and '''professor''' and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ps auxENTER</span></codebr></bbr> and # After you have selected your course section, There will be a screen that provides several important notes before proceeding.<b><codebr>Please take a few moments to read those notes and press <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">ifconfigENTER</span>to proceed.</codebr></bbr> commands (with appropriate titles)[[Image:assn-section-completion. Remember png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to redirect that output View Which Sections Need to add to the bottom of the file!be Completed. ]]# The assignment main menu will then be displayed.</libr><libr>Save, run and confirm that the shell script is working correctly.'''NOTES:'''</liul><li>What would be Near the use bottom of keeping this shell script as a Linux system administrator?</li></ol><ol><li value=the window, you will see '''"14">Here You are some more currently registered to"complex" Bash Shell scripts, that perform ''' followed by the same task'''section letter''' and '''instructor name'''. Although you are not require Double-check your course timetable to understand some of these other tricks, it is recommended confirm that this the correct section letter. If you view have selected the contents of the scripts and save them for future consideration or examples.WRONG section, type </li><li>The <b><codespan style="color:blue;font-weight:bold">wgetC</codespan></b> command can be used to quickly download files from in the Internet. Issue the following command:<br><b><code>menu selection area and press <span style="pointer-events: none;cursor: default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/text-report.bashENTER</span>. You will return back to the original window to select your correct course section.</codebr></bbr></li><li>Verify Near the top of the window displays the sections to complete in the assignment. You are NOT required to complete all sections at the same time. You can check the assignment #1 link on the ULI101 main WIKI page to note the due date for assignment #1. Sections that the file are NOT completed will be displayed in '''reverse text-report.bashwith a blue background''' was downloaded . On the other hand, when you compete a section, then the section will appear as regular text (i.e not in reverse text).<br><br>[[Image:assn-completed-window.png|thumb|right|250px|Main Assignment Window to your current directoryConfirm Which Sections Have or Have Not Been Completed.]]</li><li>Assign read and execute permissions If you want to verify that you have completed sections for the assignment, look for this file by issuing the commandtext '''"Marks earned so far for ULI101 Assignment: "''' and it will show how many sections have been completed. When it shows all sections completed, then your assignment is finished and you should receive full marks provided that you have selected your correct course section.<br><br><b/li><code/ul># At the '''Selections Available''' menu, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">chmod u+rx text-report.bash1</span>in the menu selection area to begin the first section called '''"Introduction to Unix Commands"'''.</codebr></bbr># When you have completed this section, you will be returned to the main window.</libr><li>Run View the contents of this window to confirm that you completed this Bash Shell script by issuing the command: section.<bbr><codebr># When you have time this week, enter <span style="color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">./text-report.bash2</span></code></b></li><li>Check to see if it created a report in your current directory. What is the purpose of menu selection area and perform the report?first 3 parts only</libr><li>Use ('''Unix Command Structure''', '''Entering and Editing Commands''', '''Using the Online Manual''').<bbr>vi</bbr> text editor # When you have completed this section, you will be returned to view the contents of the file <b>text-reportmain window.bash</bbr>. Can View the contents of this window to confirm that you understand how completed this script works?section.<br><br></li><li>Use the <b><code>wget</code></b> command '''NOTE:''' Although you are NOT allowed to use reference sheets for course evaluations, it is recommended to downloadcreate one for your personal use, and write down Linux commands, their arguments and options, so your can successfully perform quizzes, studymidterm exam, and run the following shell scripts on-line:final exam.<br><b><codebr># In order to exit the assignment #1 screen, enter <span style=" pointer-events:none;cursor:default;color:#3366CCblue;font-sizeweight:1.2em;bold">https:q<//ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report.bashspan><br>&nbsp;https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/report3.bash</spanbr># Re-run the command that you did in step #1 and go to the '''main menu'''.</codebr>What do you notice?</bbr><br>If you successfully completed the first two sections, they no longer appear in reverse video.<br>This indicates that you have completed the first two sections of this assignment (i.e. you do NOT have to save your work!).</libr><libr>Try to understand what these Bash Shell scripts do# Exit your Assignment 1, and exit your Matrix session.</libr><libr>You have completed lab1. # Proceed to Completing the next section to perform additional practice. Linux is about "doing"! The Labmore practice questions you perform, and follow <br>the instructions better mark you will achieve for "lab sign-off"this course and have a better foundation of issuing Linux commands to be more productive in your future courses.</libr></olbr> '''Answer Investigation 2 observations (all parts and questions) in your lab log book.'''

= LAB 1 SIGN-OFF (SHOW INSTRUCTOR) =[[Image:lab1_signoff.png|thumb|right|450px|Students should be prepared with '''all required commands (system information) displayed in a terminal (or multiple terminals) prior to calling the instructor for signoff'''.]]->

Shell scripting The purpose of this section is <u>so essential</u> for Linux administration that this course has created a shell script for every lab for this course that a student must download to obtain '''extra practice''' to help with '''quizzes''', your '''midterm''', and run in order to check their workyour '''final exam'''.

If you have performed the lab correctly, then you will get Here is a link to a series Word document of ALL of <b><code><span style="color:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span></code></b> messages and you can proceed with the SIGN-OFF for lab1. On the other hand, if there were errors, then a <b><code><span style="color:#ff0000;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;WARNING&nbsp;</span></code></b> message will appear questions displayed below but with general suggestions that you will need extra room to fix answer on your c7hostVM in order the document to have your OPS235 sign-off in this lab in order to proceed to the next lab.simulate a quiz:

:'''Perform the Following Stepshttps:'''//wiki.cdot.senecacollege.ca/uli101/files/uli101_week1_practice.docx

# Make certain that your '''c7host''' VM is running, open the Bash Shell terminal and issue the command: <b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;fontYour instructor may take-size:1up these questions during class.2em;">su -</span></code></b> and enter root's password.<br><br># Change It is up to the '''/root/bin''' directory.<br><br>#Download student to attend classes in order to obtain the checking script by issuing answers to the following Linux command:<br><b><code><span style="color:#3366CC;font-size:1questions.2em;">wget https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~ops235/labs/lab1-check.bash</span></code></b><br><br># Give that downloaded shell script file execute permissions Your instructor will NOT provide these answers in any other form (for the file owner)eg.<br><br>'''FYI:''' Your checking script will not work unless you issued "'''su e-'''" instead of just "'''su'''".<br><br># Run the shell script and if any warningsmail, make fixes and re-run shell script until you receive "congratulations" messageetc).<br><br>#Arrange evidence (command output) for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on the lab's completion:

::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Run the '''lab1-check.bash''' script in front of your instructor (must have all <span style="colorReview Questions:#66cc00;border:thin solid black;font-size:1.2em;">&nbsp;OK&nbsp;</span> messages)::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> Proof that c7host VM is set for '''virtualization''' (Refer to: '''INVESTIGATION 1''' - '''Part 1''' - '''Step #29''')::<span style="color:green;font-size:1.5em;">&#x2713;</span> '''Lab1 logbook''' containing the values for::::* '''IP address''', '''MAC address''', '''Default route (gateway)''' and<br>'''DNS name server IP Address'''

= Practice For Quizzes# What is a “'''Linux Cluster'''”? What is an advantage of using a Linux cluster?# List '''three unique server names''' at Seneca college and briefly explain the purpose of that server. # List the steps to connect and login to your Matrix Seneca College account on your '''laptop''' or your '''home computer'''.# List alternative methods to connect to your Matrix account, Testsincluding if you have an '''Apple Mac''' computer or are running the '''Linux''' operating system.# List 3 unique ways to '''log-out''' of your Matrix account (not including closing the SSH window or application).# What is the difference between a Linux '''command''' and an '''argument'''?# What is the purpose of a Linux command '''option'''?# What character(s) are used to '''separate''' commands and arguments?# Create a '''table''' listing each Linux command, Midterm &amp; Final Exam =useful options that were mentioned in this tutorial for the following Linux commands:<br>'''pwd''' , '''cd''' , '''ls''' , '''cal''' , '''date''' , '''who''' , '''w''' , '''whoami''' , '''who am I''' , '''clear'''