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Line 4: Line 4:
 
# [mailto:xhuang110@myseneca.ca?subject=gpu610 Xiaowei Huang]  
 
# [mailto:xhuang110@myseneca.ca?subject=gpu610 Xiaowei Huang]  
 
# [mailto:yyuan34@myseneca.ca?subject=gpu610 Yihang Yuan]  
 
# [mailto:yyuan34@myseneca.ca?subject=gpu610 Yihang Yuan]  
−
# [mailto:zzhou33@myseneca.ca?subject=dps915 Zhijian Zhou]
 
  
−
[mailto:xhuang110@myseneca.ca,yyuan34@myseneca.ca,zzhou33@myseneca.ca?subject=dps901-gpu610 Email All]
+
[mailto:xhuang110@myseneca.ca,yyuan34@myseneca.ca?subject=dps901-gpu610 Email All]
  
 
== Progress ==
 
== Progress ==
 +
 
=== Assignment 1 - Select and Assess ===
 
=== Assignment 1 - Select and Assess ===
 
==== Array Processing ====  
 
==== Array Processing ====  
Line 15: Line 15:
 
Blaise Barney introduced Parallel Computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/
 
Blaise Barney introduced Parallel Computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/
 
Array processing could become one of the parallel example, which "demonstrates calculations on 2-dimensional array elements; a function is evaluated on each array element."
 
Array processing could become one of the parallel example, which "demonstrates calculations on 2-dimensional array elements; a function is evaluated on each array element."
 +
 +
Here is my source code
 +
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 +
! arrayProcessing.cpp
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
 +
<pre>
 +
// arrayProcessing.cpp
 +
// Array processing implement parallel solution
 +
#include <iostream>
 +
#include <iomanip>
 +
#include <cstdlib>
 +
#include <ctime>
 +
 +
void init(float** randomValue, int n) {
 +
//std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
 +
    float f = 1.0f / RAND_MAX;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
 +
randomValue[i][j] = std::rand() * f;
 +
}
 +
 +
void multiply(float** a, float** b, float** c, int n) {
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
 +
            float sum = 0.0f;
 +
            for (int k = 0; k < n; k++)
 +
sum += a[i][k] * b[k][j];
 +
           
 +
c[i][j] = sum;
 +
if(n <= 10){
 +
std::cout << "array c[" << i << "," << j << "]: " << c[i][j] << std::endl;
 +
}
 +
        }
 +
}
 +
 +
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 +
    // interpret command-line argument
 +
    if (argc != 2) {
 +
        std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
 +
        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
 +
return 1;
 +
    }
 +
    int n  = std::atoi(argv[1]);  // size of matrices
 +
 +
    float** a = new float*[n];
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)     
 +
a[i] = new float[n];
 +
    float** b = new float*[n];
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
        b[i] = new float[n];
 +
    float** c = new float*[n];
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
        c[i] = new float[n];
 +
   
 +
std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
 +
    init(a, n);
 +
    init(b, n);
 +
 +
    multiply(a, b, c, n);
 +
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
        delete [] a[i];
 +
    delete [] a;
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
        delete [] b[i];
 +
    delete [] b;
 +
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 +
delete [] c[i];
 +
    delete [] c;
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
 +
|}
 +
  
 
Standard random method is used to initialize a 2-dimentional array. The purpose of this program is to perform a 2-dimension array calculation, which is a matrix-matrix multiplication in this example.   
 
Standard random method is used to initialize a 2-dimentional array. The purpose of this program is to perform a 2-dimension array calculation, which is a matrix-matrix multiplication in this example.   
  
 
In this following profile example, n = 1000
 
In this following profile example, n = 1000
−
 
+
<pre>
 
Flat profile:
 
Flat profile:
−
 
 
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
 
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
 
   %  cumulative  self              self    total           
 
   %  cumulative  self              self    total           
Line 28: Line 103:
 
   0.68      1.49    0.01                            init(float**, int)
 
   0.68      1.49    0.01                            init(float**, int)
 
   0.00      1.49    0.00        1    0.00    0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi
 
   0.00      1.49    0.00        1    0.00    0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi
 +
</pre>
  
−
 
+
<pre>
−
Call graph
+
Call graph
−
 
 
  
 
granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 0.67% of 1.49 seconds
 
granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 0.67% of 1.49 seconds
  
 
index % time    self  children    called    name
 
index % time    self  children    called    name
−
                                                <spontaneous>
+
                                            <spontaneous>
 
[1]    99.3    1.48    0.00                multiply(float**, float**, float**, int) [1]
 
[1]    99.3    1.48    0.00                multiply(float**, float**, float**, int) [1]
 
-----------------------------------------------
 
-----------------------------------------------
−
                                                <spontaneous>
+
                                            <spontaneous>
 
[2]      0.7    0.01    0.00                init(float**, int) [2]
 
[2]      0.7    0.01    0.00                init(float**, int) [2]
 
-----------------------------------------------
 
-----------------------------------------------
−
                 0.00    0.00      1/1           __libc_csu_init [16]
+
                 0.00    0.00      1/1       __libc_csu_init [16]
 
[10]    0.0    0.00    0.00      1        _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi [10]
 
[10]    0.0    0.00    0.00      1        _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi [10]
 
-----------------------------------------------
 
-----------------------------------------------
 
�
 
�
 
Index by function name
 
Index by function name
−
 
 
   [10] _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi (arrayProcessing.cpp) [2] init(float**, int) [1] multiply(float**, float**, float**, int)
 
   [10] _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi (arrayProcessing.cpp) [2] init(float**, int) [1] multiply(float**, float**, float**, int)
−
 
+
</pre>
−
From the call graph, multiply() took major runtime more than 99%, as it contains 3 for-loop, which is O(n^3). Besides, init() also became the second busy one, which has a O(n^2).  
+
From the call graph, multiply() took major runtime to more than 99%, as it contains 3 for-loop, which T(n) is O(n^3). Besides, init() also became the second busy one, which has a O(n^2).  
  
 
As the calculation of elements is independent of one another - leads to an embarrassingly parallel solution. Arrays elements are evenly distributed so that each process owns a portion of the array (subarray). It can be solved in less time with multiple compute resources than with a single compute resource.
 
As the calculation of elements is independent of one another - leads to an embarrassingly parallel solution. Arrays elements are evenly distributed so that each process owns a portion of the array (subarray). It can be solved in less time with multiple compute resources than with a single compute resource.
  
 
==== The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation) ====
 
==== The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation) ====
−
Subject: The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation)
+
The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation)
 
Got the code from here:
 
Got the code from here:
 
https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods#C.2B.2B
 
https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods#C.2B.2B
Line 62: Line 136:
 
It uses random sampling to define constraints on the value and then makes a sort of "best guess."
 
It uses random sampling to define constraints on the value and then makes a sort of "best guess."
  
−
----
+
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 +
! Source Code
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
<pre>
 +
#include<iostream>
 +
#include<fstream>
 +
#include<math.h>
 +
#include<stdlib.h>
 +
#include<time.h>
 +
 
 +
using namespace std;
 +
 
 +
void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
 +
float x, y;
 +
int hit;
 +
srand(time(NULL));
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
 +
hit = 0;
 +
x = 0;
 +
y = 0;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
hit += 1;
 +
}
 +
}
 +
h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 +
 
 +
if (argc != 2) {
 +
std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
 +
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
 +
return 1;
 +
}
 +
int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
 +
float* cpu_a;
 +
cpu_a = new float[n];
 +
 
 +
 
 +
calculatePI(n, cpu_a);
 +
 
 +
ofstream h_file;
 +
h_file.open("h_result.txt");
 +
float cpuSum = 0.0f;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
 +
h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
 +
}
 +
cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
 +
cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
 +
h_file.close();
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
</pre>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
As this algorithm is based on random sampling, so there is only one function that does all the work.
 +
Flat profile:
 +
<pre>
 +
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
 +
  %  cumulative  self              self    total         
 +
time  seconds  seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name   
 +
101.05      0.02    0.02                            calculatePI(int, float*)
 +
  0.00      0.02    0.00        1    0.00    0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
Call graph
 +
<pre>
 +
granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 0.47% of 2.11 seconds
 +
 
 +
index % time    self  children    called    name
 +
                                                <spontaneous>
 +
[1]    100.0    2.11    0.00                calculatePI(int, float*) [1]
 +
-----------------------------------------------
 +
                0.00    0.00      1/1          __libc_csu_init [17]
 +
[9]      0.0    0.00    0.00      1        _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf [9]
 +
-----------------------------------------------
 +
�
 +
Index by function name
 +
 
 +
  [9] _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf (a1.cpp) [1] calculatePI(int, float*)
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
'''Results for different scale of calculation'''
  
 
[[File:Yihang.JPG]]
 
[[File:Yihang.JPG]]
  
−
=== Zhijian ===
+
=== Assignment 2 - Parallelize ===
−
Subject:
+
 
 +
==== Serial Algorithm: ====
 +
<pre>
 +
void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
 +
float x, y;
 +
int hit;
 +
srand(time(NULL));
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
 +
hit = 0;
 +
x = 0;
 +
y = 0;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
hit += 1;
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);
 +
 
 +
}
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
'''Kernels for Parallel Algorithm:'''
 +
<pre>
 +
__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
 
 +
unsigned int counter = 0;
 +
while (counter < n) {
 +
float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
 
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
d_a[idx]++;
 +
}
 +
counter++;
 +
}
 +
d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(d_a[idx])) / float(n);
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 +
! Full Code
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
<pre>
 +
#include<iostream>
 +
#include<fstream>
 +
#include<math.h>
 +
#include<stdlib.h>
 +
#include<time.h>
 +
#include <chrono>
 +
#include <cstdlib>
 +
#include <iomanip>
 +
 
 +
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
 +
#include <curand_kernel.h>
 +
// to remove intellisense highlighting
 +
#include <device_launch_parameters.h>
 +
 
 +
const int ntpb = 512;
 +
using namespace std;
 +
using namespace std::chrono;
 +
 
 +
void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
 +
float x, y;
 +
int hit;
 +
srand(time(NULL));
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
 +
hit = 0;
 +
x = 0;
 +
y = 0;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
hit += 1;
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);
 +
 
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
 
 +
unsigned int counter = 0;
 +
while (counter < n) {
 +
float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
 
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
d_a[idx]++;
 +
}
 +
counter++;
 +
}
 +
d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(d_a[idx])) / float(n);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
void reportTime(const char* msg, steady_clock::duration span) {
 +
auto ms = duration_cast<milliseconds>(span);
 +
std::cout << msg << " took - " <<
 +
ms.count() << " millisecs" << std::endl;
 +
}
 +
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 +
 
 +
if (argc != 2) {
 +
std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
 +
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
 +
return 1;
 +
}
 +
int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
 +
int nblks = (n + ntpb - 1) / ntpb;
 +
cout << "scale: " << n << endl << endl;
 +
steady_clock::time_point ts, te;
 +
 
 +
float* cpu_a;
 +
cpu_a = new float[n];
 +
 
 +
ts = steady_clock::now();
 +
calculatePI(n, cpu_a);
 +
te = steady_clock::now();
 +
reportTime("CPU", te - ts);
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
ofstream h_file;
 +
h_file.open("h_result.txt");
 +
float cpuSum = 0.0f;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
 +
h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
 +
}
 +
cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
 +
cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
 +
h_file.close();
 +
 
 +
cout << endl;
 +
////////////////////////////////////////
 +
 
 +
curandState *d_rng;
 +
float* d_a;
 +
float* h_a;
 +
h_a = new float[n];
 +
 
 +
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_a, n * sizeof(float));
 +
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_rng, n * sizeof(curandState));
 +
 
 +
ts = steady_clock::now();
 +
 
 +
setRng << < nblks, ntpb >> > (d_rng);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize(); // synchronize [new added]
 +
calPI << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, n, d_rng);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
 +
 
 +
te = steady_clock::now();
 +
reportTime("GPU", te - ts);
 +
 
 +
cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_a, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
 +
 
 +
 
 +
ofstream d_file;
 +
d_file.open("d_result.txt");
 +
float gpuSum = 0.0f;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
gpuSum += h_a[i];
 +
d_file << "Device: " << h_a[i] << endl;
 +
}
 +
gpuSum = gpuSum / (float)n;
 +
cout << "GPU Result: " << gpuSum << endl;
 +
d_file.close();
 +
 
 +
 
 +
delete[] cpu_a;
 +
delete[] h_a;
 +
cudaFree(d_a);
 +
cudaFree(d_rng);
 +
 
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
'''Result:'''
 +
 
 +
[[File:yihang_p2_profile.png]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
In conclusion, by parallelized the serial version of the algorithm, we see an immediate improvement of performance.
 +
 
 +
=== Assignment 3 - Optimize ===
 +
 
 +
The main kernel optimization did on 2 parts
 +
 
 +
The new '''third kernel''' is to sum up the PI results which generated in each block, by applying serial reduction algorithm which could reduce its Big-O classification is O(log n). Beside, it also sets the limitation to check whether the calculation is out of the range. As it can stop the sum-up to those useless thread value. And the total value of that block is passed to the first element of that block.
 +
<pre>
 +
// kernel 3
 +
// the third kernel sum the result in each block
 +
__global__ void sumPi(float* d_a, float*d_b, const int n) {
 +
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
int t = threadIdx.x;
 +
__shared__ float s[ntpb];
 +
s[t] = d_a[i];
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
 
 +
// sum the data in shared memory
 +
for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
 +
if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  n)) {
 +
s[t] += s[t + stride];
 +
}
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// store the sum in d_b;
 +
if (t == 0) {
 +
d_b[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
 +
}
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
To reduce the data transfer from device to host, the new '''forth kernel''' is created. It uses to sum up all blocks results from passing back to the host, which also applies the reduction algorithm.
 +
<pre>
 +
// kernel 4
 +
// the forth kernel sum the result of all blocks
 +
__global__ void accumulate(float* c, const int nblocks) {
 +
// store the elements of c[] in shared memory
 +
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
int t = threadIdx.x;
 +
__shared__ float s[ntpb];
 +
s[t] = c[i];
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
 
 +
// sum the data in shared memory
 +
for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
 +
if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  nblocks)) {
 +
s[t] += s[t + stride];
 +
}
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// store the sum in c[0]
 +
if (t == 0) {
 +
c[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
 +
}
 +
}
 +
</pre>
 +
 
 +
Even though the runtime is closed after implementing the optimization, the kernels has a heavy load than before. It also finishes the accumulation of all randomly generated PI. I consider this optimization performs well.
 +
 
 +
[[File:Optimized PI calculation and accumulation.jpg]]
 +
 
 +
 
 +
Here is my final source code
 +
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
 +
! p03_reduction.cu
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
 
 +
<pre>
 +
// part 3.1 : reduction
 +
// update 2:
 +
// add comments to all kernels
 +
// mdf kernel 2 only returns the numbers of dot inside the quadrant, and this number passes to next blocks
 +
// new kernel 3 sums the elements of d_a as generated by the kernel 2, and accumulate the block sums
 +
// new kernel 4 sums all block PI value before passing back to host
 +
 
 +
#include<iostream>
 +
#include<fstream>
 +
#include<math.h>
 +
#include<stdlib.h>
 +
#include<time.h>
 +
#include <chrono>
 +
#include <cstdlib>
 +
#include <iomanip>
 +
 
 +
#include <cuda_runtime.h>
 +
#include <curand_kernel.h>
 +
// to remove intellisense highlighting
 +
#include <device_launch_parameters.h>
 +
#ifndef __CUDACC__
 +
#define __CUDACC__
 +
#endif
 +
#include <device_functions.h>
 +
 
 +
using namespace std;
 +
using namespace std::chrono;
 +
const int ntpb = 512;
 +
 
 +
// this function uses to calculate PI on CPU
 +
void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
 +
float x, y;
 +
int hit;
 +
srand(time(NULL));
 +
for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
 +
hit = 0;
 +
x = 0;
 +
y = 0;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
 +
if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
 +
hit += 1;
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);
 +
 
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
// kernel 1
 +
// The first kernel uses to generate random numbers
 +
__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// kernel 2
 +
// The second kernel identifis the dot location (use the kernel 1 passed random number to create)
 +
// whether it is been in the quadrant or not
 +
__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
 +
int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
unsigned int counter = 0; // this variable counts the total number of dot be placed
 +
unsigned int hit = 0; // this variable counts the number of dot inside the cirle
 +
 +
// in one Threat, it generates n dots
 +
while (counter < n) {
 +
float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
 +
 
 +
if (y*y <= (1 - (x * x))) {
 +
hit++;
 +
}
 +
counter++;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(hit)) / float(n);
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// kernel 3
 +
// the third kernel sum the result in each block
 +
__global__ void sumPi(float* d_a, float*d_b, const int n) {
 +
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
int t = threadIdx.x;
 +
__shared__ float s[ntpb];
 +
s[t] = d_a[i];
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
 
 +
// sum the data in shared memory
 +
for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
 +
if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  n)) {
 +
s[t] += s[t + stride];
 +
}
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// store the sum in d_b;
 +
if (t == 0) {
 +
d_b[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// kernel 4
 +
// the forth kernel sum the result of all blocks
 +
__global__ void accumulate(float* c, const int nblocks) {
 +
// store the elements of c[] in shared memory
 +
int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
 +
int t = threadIdx.x;
 +
__shared__ float s[ntpb];
 +
s[t] = c[i];
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
 
 +
// sum the data in shared memory
 +
for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
 +
if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  nblocks)) {
 +
s[t] += s[t + stride];
 +
}
 +
__syncthreads();
 +
}
 +
 
 +
// store the sum in c[0]
 +
if (t == 0) {
 +
c[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
 +
}
 +
}
 +
 
 +
void reportTime(const char* msg, steady_clock::duration span) {
 +
auto ms = duration_cast<milliseconds>(span);
 +
std::cout << msg << " took - " <<
 +
ms.count() << " millisecs" << std::endl;
 +
}
 +
 
 +
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 +
 
 +
if (argc != 2) {
 +
std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
 +
std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
 +
return 1;
 +
}
 +
int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
 +
int nblks = (n + ntpb - 1) / ntpb;
 +
 
 +
cout << "scale: " << n << endl << endl;
 +
steady_clock::time_point ts, te;
 +
 
 +
float* cpu_a;
 +
cpu_a = new float[n];
 +
 
 +
ts = steady_clock::now();
 +
calculatePI(n, cpu_a);
 +
te = steady_clock::now();
 +
reportTime("CPU", te - ts);
 +
 
 +
 
 +
ofstream h_file;
 +
h_file.open("h_result.txt");
 +
float cpuSum = 0.0f;
 +
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 +
cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
 +
h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
 +
}
 +
cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
 +
cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
 +
h_file.close();
 +
 
 +
cout << endl;
 +
////////////////////////////////////////
 +
 
 +
curandState *d_rng;
 +
float* d_a;
 +
float* d_b;
 +
float* h_a;
 +
h_a = new float[n];
 +
 
 +
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_a, n * sizeof(float));
 +
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_b, n * sizeof(float));
 +
cudaMalloc((void**)&d_rng, n * sizeof(curandState));
 +
 
 +
ts = steady_clock::now();
 +
 
 +
setRng << < nblks, ntpb >> > (d_rng);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
 +
 
 +
// calculate PI in each thread and pass its value
 +
calPI << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, n, d_rng);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
 +
 
 +
// sum PI in total and pass back on the device
 +
sumPi << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, d_b, n);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
 +
 
 +
// accumulate the block sums
 +
accumulate << <1, nblks >> >(d_b, nblks);
 +
cudaDeviceSynchronize();
 +
 
 +
te = steady_clock::now();
 +
reportTime("GPU", te - ts);
 +
 
 +
// host h_a only receives one element from device d_b
 +
cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_b, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);
 +
 
 +
 
 +
ofstream d_file;
 +
d_file.open("d_result.txt");
 +
float gpuSum = 0.0f;
 +
gpuSum = h_a[0] / (float)n;
 +
cout << "GPU Result: " << gpuSum << "\n \n"<< endl;
 +
d_file.close();
 +
 
 +
cudaFree(d_a);
 +
cudaFree(d_rng);
 +
delete[] cpu_a;
 +
delete[] h_a;
 +
 
 +
// reset the device
 +
cudaDeviceReset();
 +
}
  
−
=== Assignment 2 ===
+
</pre>
  
−
=== Assignment 3 ===
+
|}

Latest revision as of 22:00, 7 April 2019


GPU610/DPS915 | Student List | Group and Project Index | Student Resources | Glossary

Group 6

Team Members

  1. Xiaowei Huang
  2. Yihang Yuan

Email All

Progress

Assignment 1 - Select and Assess

Array Processing

Subject: Array Processing

Blaise Barney introduced Parallel Computing https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp/ Array processing could become one of the parallel example, which "demonstrates calculations on 2-dimensional array elements; a function is evaluated on each array element."

Here is my source code

arrayProcessing.cpp 
 
// arrayProcessing.cpp
// Array processing implement parallel solution 
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>

void init(float** randomValue, int n) {
	//std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
    float f = 1.0f / RAND_MAX;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		for (int j = 0; j < n; j++)
			randomValue[i][j] = std::rand() * f;
}

void multiply(float** a, float** b, float** c, int n) {
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
            float sum = 0.0f;
            for (int k = 0; k < n; k++)
				sum += a[i][k] * b[k][j];
            
			c[i][j] = sum;
			if(n <= 10){
				std::cout << "array c[" << i << "," << j << "]: " << c[i][j] << std::endl;
			}
        }
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
    // interpret command-line argument
    if (argc != 2) {
        std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n"; 
        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n"; 
		return 1;
    }
    int n  = std::atoi(argv[1]);   // size of matrices

    float** a = new float*[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)       
		a[i] = new float[n];
    float** b = new float*[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        b[i] = new float[n];
    float** c = new float*[n];
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        c[i] = new float[n];
    
	std::srand(std::time(nullptr));
    init(a, n);
    init(b, n);

    multiply(a, b, c, n);

    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        delete [] a[i];
    delete [] a;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        delete [] b[i];
    delete [] b;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
		delete [] c[i];
    delete [] c;
}


Standard random method is used to initialize a 2-dimentional array. The purpose of this program is to perform a 2-dimension array calculation, which is a matrix-matrix multiplication in this example.

In this following profile example, n = 1000 

Flat profile:
Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total           
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    
100.11      1.48     1.48                             multiply(float**, float**, float**, int)
  0.68      1.49     0.01                             init(float**, int)
  0.00      1.49     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi

Call graph

granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 0.67% of 1.49 seconds

index % time    self  children    called     name
                                             <spontaneous>
[1]     99.3    1.48    0.00                 multiply(float**, float**, float**, int) [1]
-----------------------------------------------
                                             <spontaneous>
[2]      0.7    0.01    0.00                 init(float**, int) [2]
-----------------------------------------------
                0.00    0.00       1/1       __libc_csu_init [16]
[10]     0.0    0.00    0.00       1         _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi [10]
-----------------------------------------------
�
Index by function name
  [10] _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z4initPPfi (arrayProcessing.cpp) [2] init(float**, int) [1] multiply(float**, float**, float**, int)

From the call graph, multiply() took major runtime to more than 99%, as it contains 3 for-loop, which T(n) is O(n^3). Besides, init() also became the second busy one, which has a O(n^2).

As the calculation of elements is independent of one another - leads to an embarrassingly parallel solution. Arrays elements are evenly distributed so that each process owns a portion of the array (subarray). It can be solved in less time with multiple compute resources than with a single compute resource.

The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation)

The Monte Carlo Simulation (PI Calculation) Got the code from here: https://rosettacode.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_methods#C.2B.2B A Monte Carlo Simulation is a way of approximating the value of a function where calculating the actual value is difficult or impossible.

It uses random sampling to define constraints on the value and then makes a sort of "best guess."

Source Code 
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<time.h>

using namespace std;

void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
	float x, y;
	int hit;
	srand(time(NULL));
	for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
		hit = 0;
		x = 0;
		y = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
				hit += 1;
			}
		}
		h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);
	}
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

	if (argc != 2) {
		std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
		std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
		return 1;
	}
	int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
	float* cpu_a;
	cpu_a = new float[n];


	calculatePI(n, cpu_a);

	ofstream h_file;
	h_file.open("h_result.txt");
	float cpuSum = 0.0f;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
		h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
	}
	cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
	cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
	h_file.close();
}

As this algorithm is based on random sampling, so there is only one function that does all the work. Flat profile: 

Each sample counts as 0.01 seconds.
  %   cumulative   self              self     total           
 time   seconds   seconds    calls  Ts/call  Ts/call  name    
101.05      0.02     0.02                             calculatePI(int, float*)
  0.00      0.02     0.00        1     0.00     0.00  _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf

Call graph 

granularity: each sample hit covers 2 byte(s) for 0.47% of 2.11 seconds

index % time    self  children    called     name
                                                 <spontaneous>
[1]    100.0    2.11    0.00                 calculatePI(int, float*) [1]
-----------------------------------------------
                0.00    0.00       1/1           __libc_csu_init [17]
[9]      0.0    0.00    0.00       1         _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf [9]
-----------------------------------------------
�
Index by function name

   [9] _GLOBAL__sub_I__Z11calculatePIiPf (a1.cpp) [1] calculatePI(int, float*)

Results for different scale of calculation

Yihang.JPG

Assignment 2 - Parallelize

Serial Algorithm:

void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
	float x, y;
	int hit;
	srand(time(NULL));
	for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
		hit = 0;
		x = 0; 
		y = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
				hit += 1;
			}
		}

		h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);

	}
}

Kernels for Parallel Algorithm: 

__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
}


__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;

	unsigned int counter = 0;
	while (counter < n) {
		float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
		float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);

		if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
			d_a[idx]++;
		}
		counter++;
	}
	d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(d_a[idx])) / float(n);
}
Full Code 
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<time.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iomanip>

#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <curand_kernel.h>
// to remove intellisense highlighting
#include <device_launch_parameters.h>

const int ntpb = 512;
using namespace std;
using namespace std::chrono;

void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
	float x, y;
	int hit;
	srand(time(NULL));
	for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
		hit = 0;
		x = 0; 
		y = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
				hit += 1;
			}
		}

		h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);

	}
}

__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
}


__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;

	unsigned int counter = 0;
	while (counter < n) {
		float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
		float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);

		if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
			d_a[idx]++;
		}
		counter++;
	}
	d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(d_a[idx])) / float(n);
}



void reportTime(const char* msg, steady_clock::duration span) {
	auto ms = duration_cast<milliseconds>(span);
	std::cout << msg << " took - " <<
		ms.count() << " millisecs" << std::endl;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

	if (argc != 2) {
		std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
		std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
		return 1;
	}
	int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
	int nblks = (n + ntpb - 1) / ntpb;
	cout << "scale: " << n << endl << endl;
	steady_clock::time_point ts, te;

	float* cpu_a;
	cpu_a = new float[n];

	ts = steady_clock::now();
	calculatePI(n, cpu_a);
	te = steady_clock::now();
	reportTime("CPU", te - ts);




	ofstream h_file;
	h_file.open("h_result.txt");
	float cpuSum = 0.0f;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
		h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
	}
	cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
	cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
	h_file.close();

	cout << endl;
	////////////////////////////////////////

	curandState *d_rng;
	float* d_a;
	float* h_a;
	h_a = new float[n];

	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_a, n * sizeof(float));
	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_rng, n * sizeof(curandState));

	ts = steady_clock::now();

	setRng << < nblks, ntpb >> > (d_rng);
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();	// synchronize [new added]
	calPI << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, n, d_rng);
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	te = steady_clock::now();
	reportTime("GPU", te - ts);

	cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_a, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);


	ofstream d_file;
	d_file.open("d_result.txt");
	float gpuSum = 0.0f;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		gpuSum += h_a[i];
		d_file << "Device: " << h_a[i] << endl;
	}
	gpuSum = gpuSum / (float)n;
	cout << "GPU Result: " << gpuSum << endl;
	d_file.close();


	delete[] cpu_a;
	delete[] h_a;
	cudaFree(d_a);
	cudaFree(d_rng);

}

Result:

Yihang p2 profile.png


In conclusion, by parallelized the serial version of the algorithm, we see an immediate improvement of performance.

Assignment 3 - Optimize

The main kernel optimization did on 2 parts

The new third kernel is to sum up the PI results which generated in each block, by applying serial reduction algorithm which could reduce its Big-O classification is O(log n). Beside, it also sets the limitation to check whether the calculation is out of the range. As it can stop the sum-up to those useless thread value. And the total value of that block is passed to the first element of that block. 

 
// kernel 3 
// the third kernel sum the result in each block 
__global__ void sumPi(float* d_a, float*d_b, const int n) {		 
	int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	int t = threadIdx.x;
	__shared__ float s[ntpb];
	s[t] = d_a[i];
	__syncthreads();

	// sum the data in shared memory 
	for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
		if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  n)) {
			s[t] += s[t + stride];
		}
		__syncthreads();
	}

	// store the sum in d_b; 
	if (t == 0) {
		d_b[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
	}
}

To reduce the data transfer from device to host, the new forth kernel is created. It uses to sum up all blocks results from passing back to the host, which also applies the reduction algorithm. 

// kernel 4
// the forth kernel sum the result of all blocks
__global__ void accumulate(float* c, const int nblocks) {
	// store the elements of c[] in shared memory
	int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	int t = threadIdx.x;
	__shared__ float s[ntpb];
	s[t] = c[i];
	__syncthreads();

	// sum the data in shared memory
	for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
		if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  nblocks)) {
			s[t] += s[t + stride];
		}
		__syncthreads();
	}

	// store the sum in c[0]
	if (t == 0) {
		c[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
	}
}

Even though the runtime is closed after implementing the optimization, the kernels has a heavy load than before. It also finishes the accumulation of all randomly generated PI. I consider this optimization performs well.

Optimized PI calculation and accumulation.jpg


Here is my final source code

p03_reduction.cu 
 
// part 3.1 : reduction
// update 2: 
// add comments to all kernels
// mdf kernel 2 only returns the numbers of dot inside the quadrant, and this number passes to next blocks
// new kernel 3 sums the elements of d_a as generated by the kernel 2, and accumulate the block sums
// new kernel 4 sums all block PI value before passing back to host

#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<time.h>
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iomanip>

#include <cuda_runtime.h>
#include <curand_kernel.h>
// to remove intellisense highlighting
#include <device_launch_parameters.h>
#ifndef __CUDACC__
#define __CUDACC__
#endif
#include <device_functions.h>

using namespace std;
using namespace std::chrono;
const int ntpb = 512;

// this function uses to calculate PI on CPU 
void calculatePI(int n, float* h_a) {
	float x, y;
	int hit;
	srand(time(NULL));
	for (int j = 0; j < n; j++) {
		hit = 0;
		x = 0;
		y = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
			x = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			y = float(rand()) / float(RAND_MAX);
			if (y <= sqrt(1 - (x * x))) {
				hit += 1;
			}
		}

		h_a[j] = 4 * float(hit) / float(n);

	}
}


// kernel 1
// The first kernel uses to generate random numbers 
__global__ void setRng(curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	curand_init(123456, idx, 0, &rng[idx]);
}

// kernel 2
// The second kernel identifis the dot location (use the kernel 1 passed random number to create) 
// whether it is been in the quadrant or not 
__global__ void calPI(float* d_a, int n, curandState *rng) {
	int idx = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	unsigned int counter = 0;		// this variable counts the total number of dot be placed
	unsigned int hit = 0;			// this variable counts the number of dot inside the cirle
	
	// in one Threat, it generates n dots
	while (counter < n) {
		float x = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);
		float y = curand_uniform(&rng[idx]);

		if (y*y <= (1 - (x * x))) {
			hit++;
		}
		counter++;
	}

	d_a[idx] = 4.0 * (float(hit)) / float(n);
}

// kernel 3 
// the third kernel sum the result in each block 
__global__ void sumPi(float* d_a, float*d_b, const int n) {		 
	int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	int t = threadIdx.x;
	__shared__ float s[ntpb];
	s[t] = d_a[i];
	__syncthreads();

	// sum the data in shared memory 
	for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
		if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  n)) {
			s[t] += s[t + stride];
		}
		__syncthreads();
	}

	// store the sum in d_b; 
	if (t == 0) {
		d_b[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
	}
}

// kernel 4
// the forth kernel sum the result of all blocks
__global__ void accumulate(float* c, const int nblocks) {
	// store the elements of c[] in shared memory
	int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
	int t = threadIdx.x;
	__shared__ float s[ntpb];
	s[t] = c[i];
	__syncthreads();

	// sum the data in shared memory
	for (int stride = 1; stride < blockDim.x; stride <<= 1) {
		if ((t % (2 * stride) == 0) && (i + stride <  nblocks)) {
			s[t] += s[t + stride];
		}
		__syncthreads();
	}

	// store the sum in c[0]
	if (t == 0) {
		c[blockIdx.x] = s[0];
	}
}

void reportTime(const char* msg, steady_clock::duration span) {
	auto ms = duration_cast<milliseconds>(span);
	std::cout << msg << " took - " <<
		ms.count() << " millisecs" << std::endl;
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {

	if (argc != 2) {
		std::cerr << argv[0] << ": invalid number of arguments\n";
		std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << "  size_of_matrices\n";
		return 1;
	}
	int n = std::atoi(argv[1]); // scale
	int nblks = (n + ntpb - 1) / ntpb;

	cout << "scale: " << n << endl << endl;
	steady_clock::time_point ts, te;

	float* cpu_a;
	cpu_a = new float[n];

	ts = steady_clock::now();
	calculatePI(n, cpu_a);
	te = steady_clock::now();
	reportTime("CPU", te - ts);


	ofstream h_file;
	h_file.open("h_result.txt");
	float cpuSum = 0.0f;
	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
		cpuSum += cpu_a[i];
		h_file << "Host: " << cpu_a[i] << endl;
	}
	cpuSum = cpuSum / (float)n;
	cout << "CPU Result: " << cpuSum << endl;
	h_file.close();

	cout << endl;
	////////////////////////////////////////

	curandState *d_rng;
	float* d_a;
	float* d_b;
	float* h_a;
	h_a = new float[n];

	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_a, n * sizeof(float));
	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_b, n * sizeof(float));
	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_rng, n * sizeof(curandState));

	ts = steady_clock::now();

	setRng << < nblks, ntpb >> > (d_rng);
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	// calculate PI in each thread and pass its value
	calPI << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, n, d_rng);
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	// sum PI in total and pass back on the device
	sumPi << <nblks, ntpb >> > (d_a, d_b, n);	
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	// accumulate the block sums 
	accumulate << <1, nblks >> >(d_b, nblks);
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	te = steady_clock::now();
	reportTime("GPU", te - ts);

	// host h_a only receives one element from device d_b
	cudaMemcpy(h_a, d_b, n * sizeof(float), cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);


	ofstream d_file;
	d_file.open("d_result.txt");
	float gpuSum = 0.0f;
	gpuSum = h_a[0] / (float)n;
	cout << "GPU Result: " << gpuSum << "\n \n"<< endl;
	d_file.close();

	cudaFree(d_a);
	cudaFree(d_rng);
	delete[] cpu_a;
	delete[] h_a;

	// reset the device
	cudaDeviceReset();
}
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