{{Admon/caution|THIS IS AN OLD VERSION OF THE LAB|'''This is an archived version. Do not use this in your OPS235 course.'''}}=OPS235 Lab 3: Logical Volume Management and Software Package Management=

:* In this lab, you are 're going to learn how to properly adjust your various Linux file system sizes by using and managing LVM both graphically (fedora1, fedora2) as well as command line (fedora3) :* Also in this lab, you will learn how to add and remove software packages on your different Linux systems.  ==Objectives== #Learn about LVM concepts including Physical / Logical Volumes and Volume Groups.#Learn how to properly resize file-systems using LVM, and understand the consequences to the filesystem due to mistakes.#Learn how to add and remove software packages using RPM. 

==Required Materials :* Learn how to add and remove software packages on your different Linux systems.:* Learn how to properly adjust your various Linux file systems by using and managing LVM both graphically (Bring to All Labsfedora2) as well as command line (fedora3)==.

* '''Fedora 16 LIVE CD''' - You can burn this onto a CD-R in the Open Lab* '''Fedora 16 x_64 Installation DVD''' - You can burn this onto a DVD-R in the Open Lab (or burn image onto a DVD+R if you are using the Freedom Toaster).* '''SATA Hard Disk''' (in removable disk tray)* '''USB Memory Stick''' (minimum 64M)* '''Lab Logbook (Lab3 Reference Sheet)''' == Required Materials (Bring to make notes and observationsAll Labs).==

*[http://linuxmanpages.com/man8/mkfsmount.8.php mkfsmount]

:*[http://fedoranews.org/alex/tutorial/rpm/ Using the RPM Utility]:* [http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/yum/ Using the YUM Utility] = Software Package Management = == Investigation 1: How do you query the RPM database? == RPM maintains a database of installed software. This information is very useful to system administrators. In Lab 3, you queried that database using RPM with the -q argument. When you query the RPM database, you can separately specify::* Which packages you want to do an <u>operational task</u> (like installing or removing a package), using a '''select-option''':* What <u>information</u> you want about those packages, using a '''query-option''' '''Perform the following steps:''' # Using information from the man page for <span stylecode>rpm</code>, fill in this information: {|width="color100%" border="1" cellpadding="5"|-!Option!Meaning!Select or query option?!Example command|-| -a|Select all packages|select-option| |-| -l| | | |-| -i|Show the package information.| | |-| -f filename| | | |-|packagename|Select just this package|select-option| |} '''Answer the Investigation 1 observations / table contents in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 2: How do you install and remove software with RPM? == # Use the graphical file manager (Nautilus) to change to the directory on your Installation DVD. Go to the sub-directory called '''Packages''' and then go to the sub-directory '''l''' (for files beginning with the letter l like the '''lynx''' package). You should see a file called:red;background<code>lynx-color2.8.7-8.fc17.x86_64.rpm</code># Execute the following command:yellow;"<code>rpm -i lynx-2.8.7-8.fc17.x86_64.rpm</code># Issue an RPM query to check that lynx is installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.# Issue the following command: <code>rpm -e lynx</code># Issue an RPM query to verify that lynx is no longer installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.# Move to the appropriate sub-directory for packages that begin with the letter '''b'''.# Issue the following command: <code>Package Managementrpm -i BackupPC-3.2.1-7.fc17.x86_64.rpm</spancode>and note the result '''Answer the Investigation 2 observations / questions in your lab log book.''' == Investigation 3:*How do you install and remove software with ''yum''? == {{Admon/note|Internet Connection|In order for yum to work you require a connection to the Internet. Establish this connection by using the browser to log into SeneNET}} # Change to your home directory. <ol> <span styleli value="color2">Issue the command:red;background <code>yum install BackupPC</code> and answer <code>y</code> to the question about installation. <ol type="a"> <li>Where did ''yum'' get the BackupPC software?</li> <li>Why could ''yum'' install BackupPC when rpm couldn't?</li> </ol> </li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.</li> <li>Issue the command: <code>yum remove BackupPC</code></li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is no longer installed. Record this command in your lab log-book.</li> <li>Install <code>nled</code> using '''yum'''. Record this command in your lab log-colorbook.</li> <li>Issue this command: <code>yum info cups</code></li></ol>:yellow;:* Based on the result, do you think that cups is a useful package for your system? If not, try removing it.<ol> <li value="8">User Unused and unneeded software can present a security risk and ties up disk space needlessly. Find at least 4 other packages that you're not using on your system, and remove them. Be careful to ensure that removing those packages does not also remove other software that you do need.</ Group Managementli></spanol>

== Check Current LVM Information =Logical Volume Management (Introduction)=

=== Check Current LVM Information for all Fedora 16 Installs =Prior to Performing Investigations ==

'''LVM''' ('''Logical Volume Management''') is used to manage hard disk drives / partitions for Unix/Linux systems. LVM provides more flexibility than just working with hard disks / hard disk partitions. '''Volume Groups''' are areas used to define '''Physical Volumes''' (i.e. hard disks, disk partitions, or other forms of storage devices). '''Logical Volumes''' are then used to represent specific portions of a file-system relate directories (directoriesmount points) for that to a specific physical volume, or for a "range" or "span" of physical volumes.

ThusTherefore, LVM allows more flexibility and growth potential for Linux systems - (for example, having Logical volumes span multiple hard disks). Fedora uses LVM by default upon installation. Other Linux distributions may provide the capacity to install LVM, or later install and then use Logical Volume Management.

At this point, having completed [[OPS235 Lab 2|Lab 2]] you should have <u>roughly</u> the following disk storage setup:<br />

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_fedora2 1 2 3 0 wz--n- 14.50g 03.25g

/dev/vda3 vg_fedora2 lvm2 a-- 14.50g 03.25g

LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_root lv_home vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 131.03g 97g lv_swap lv_root vg_fedora2 -wi-ao 17.47g 81g PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 lv_swap vg_fedora2 lvm2 a- 14wi-ao 1.80G 4.07G47g

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/vda2 vg_fedora3 lvm2 a- 9* '''f17host (i.80G 3e.83G"removable hard disk" or "disk pack")'''

* '''f16host (iDoes not use LVM.eConfirm this using the same commands used above. "disk pack")'''

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree vg_f16host 1 3 0 wz-{{Admon/note|VM Backups and Recovery|Most of these investigations will take place in your virtual machines. If you make a significant mistake, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups of your virtual machines in Lab 2, and you can restore them if something goes wrong.<br /><br />'''Remember: if you did not create backups for all of your VMs, then you don't have any restoration points to fall-n- 232.38g 0back to!'''|}}

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree /dev/sda3 vg_f16host lvm2 a== Investigation 4: Extend the size of lv_root using command-- 232.38g 0line tools ==

LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert lv_home vg_f16host -wi-ao 176Perform this investigation in fedora3.62g lv_root vg_f16host -wi-ao 50.00g lv_swap vg_f16host -wi-ao 5.75g

{{Admon/note|Recovering VMs|Because we'''Most of these investigations re using LVM though - we can avoid that. We can add a new harddrive (which will take place in you virtual machines.''' If you make serve as a significant mistakephysical volume) to the volume group, your virtual machine may not boot. Remember that you created backups and extend the root logical volume to make use of your virtual machines in Lab 3, and you can '''restore them if something goes wrong'''the new available space.}}

If you refer to <ol> <li>Run the LV sizes following commands and make note of f16host, you may notice that the size of '''lv_root''' (your root system) is quite small compared output:</li> <code>ls /dev/vd* pvs vgs lvs df -h</code> <li>Open the fedora3 virtual machine console</li> <li>Go to the size hardware details view</li> <li>Click "Add Hardware" and add a new storage device of 2GBs, make sure it'''lv_home'''s a VirtIO disk. Since virtual machines that you have created are stored in </li> <li>Go back to the directory pathname console view</li> <codeli>Run the same ls command now, what's changed?</var/lib/libvirt/images/li> </codeli>Now we'll make the new device as a physical volume, then add it is important that there is ample space to accommodate future Virtual Machines (eg. assignments) or future growth of file-systems.the volume group, and extend lv_root:</li> <code>pvcreate /dev/vdb

'''Perform lvextend -l +100%FREE -r vg_fedora3/lv_root</code> <li>Now rerun the ls/pvs/vgs/lvs/df commands. What has changed and what caused those changes?</li> <li>Among the following operations to readjust size of lv_root changes, note that your root filesystem is now 2GB bigger - and lv_home in f16host:'''you have not even rebooted your machine!</li></ol>

# Make certain you are in your '''f16host''' system.# Open a terminal.# login in as super-user.# Issue the following Linux command to <u>reduce</u> the logical volume size of lv_home: <code>'''lvreduce -r vg_f16host/lv_home --size 150G'''</code># Issue the following Linux command to <u>increase</u> the logical volume size of lv_root: <code>'''lvextend vg_f16host/lv_root --size +25G'''</code># Issue the '''vgs''', '''pvs''', and '''lvs''' commands to verify new volume information for f16host.# Proceed to Investigation #1.  == Investigation 15: How are LVMs are managed using system-config-lvm? ==

# Let's learn to administer (manage or administer ) our LVM graphically for our '''Fedora2''' Virtual Machine.<br />Fedora provides a tool called <code>system-config-lvm</code> to graphically administer LVM. It will appear on the menu as System'''Application'''>Administration'''Other'''>'''Logical Volume Management'''. Verify that this The package is presentmay not be installed by default, and so you will need to install it if required by issuing: (<code>yum install system-config-lvm</code>).

<li>What are the names and sizes of the PVs'''PV'''s?</li> <li>What is the name and size of the '''VG'''?</li> <li>What are the names and sizes of the LVs'''LV'''s?</li>

<li>Increase the size of the home filesystem file-system to '''2 GB''':

<li>Click on the LV containing the '''home ''' filesystem.</li>

<li>Change the size to '''2 GB ''' and click ''Ok''.</li>

<li>Create a '''new 2G LV ''' (LV Properties: linear) containing an ext4 filesystem named lv_archive and mount it at '''/archive'''

<li>Backup <code>'''/etc'''</code> into <code>'''/archive'''</code></li>

<li value="6">Shrink the size of <code>lv_archive</code> to 1 GB.</li> <li>Try shrinking <code>/</code> -- what happens? Why?</li></ol>  == Investigation 2: How are LVMs are managed using Command-Line Tools == '''Perform this investigation on the VM named 1 GB''<u>fedora3</u>''.''' # You are going to repeat the same LVM management operations (as your did with the ''fedora2'' VM), but you will using command-line tools in the '''fedora 3''' VM. <br />Since the fedora3 VM only operates in command-line mode, you will need to refer to the [[Logical Volume Management]] tutorial.<ol> <li value="2">Write down the exact commands used at each step, and record appropriate command output: <ol type="a"> <li>Determine the current LVM configuration using the <code>pvs</code>, <code>vgs</code>, and <code>lvs</code> command.</li> <li>Grow the home filesystem to 2G using the command <code>lvextend</code> and <code>resize2fs</code>.</li> <li>Create a new 2G LV containing an ext4 filesystem and mount it at /archive (use <code>lvcreate</code>, <code>mkfs</code>, <code>mount</code>, edit the file <code>/etc/fstab</code>, and then reboot to confirm automatic mount).</li> <li>Copy the contents of <code>/etc</code> into <code>/archive</code></li> <li>Shrink <code>lv_archive</code> to 1G (use <code>umount</code>, <code>resize2fs</code>, <code>lvreduce</code>, and <code>mount</code>)</li> </ol> </li></ol>  == Investigation 3: How can a PV be added to an existing VG? =='''Add an additional 2 GB virtual disk to your ''<u>fedora1</u>'' system, and use it as an additional physical volume:'''# Start <code>virt-manager</code>.# Shutdown ''fedora1'' if it is running.# Open the console window for ''fedora1''.# Select the menu option View>Details.# Click ''Add Hardware'' button at the bottom left-hand corner.# In the ''Adding new virtual hardware'' window that appears, select a Hardware Type of ''"storage"'' and click ''"Forward"''.# Make certain option "Managed or other existing storage" is selected. Click on the ''Browse'' button, then click on ''New Volume''.# Give the new virtual disk file a name of <code>fedora1b</code>, a format of ''raw'', with a ''Max Capacity'' and ''Allocation'' of 2000 MB. Click ''Finish''.# Select the new virtual disk file ''fedora1b.img'' and click ''Choose Volume''.# Select a device type of ''Virtio Disk''.# Finish creating the new virtual disk by clicking ''Forward'' and then ''Finish''.# Boot the system. You should now have both <code>/dev/vda</code> and <code>/dev/vdb</code>.# Record the size of the volume group and the amount of free space <span class="plainlinks">[http://www.inleds.com/products/?cid=2<span style="color:black;font-weight:normal; text-decoration:none!important; background:none!important; text-decoration:none;"> led downlight singapore</span>](Hint: use a command that you learned in a previous lab).# Partition /dev/vdb with a single partition that fills the whole disk.# Check the messages printed when <code>fdisk</code> exits -- you may need to reboot the system in order for the new partition table to take effect.# Run this command to format the physical volume: <code>pvcreate /dev/''vdb1''</code># Add the new physical volume to the existing volume group: <code>vgextend ''nameOfVolumeGroup'' /dev/vdb1</code># Verify that the volume group is larger and has more free space. {{Admon/note|Think!|The next part of this investigation is designed to encourage the student to research, think, and use some creativity in working around obstacles in order to solve a task. Research methods can include Try shrinking the Internet searches, etc...}}'''Using that additional space, create a separate filesystem for <code>/home</code>:'''# Create the logical volume <code>lv_home</code> (1G ext4)# Find a way to move the contents of <code>/home</code> onto it.# Change your system configuration so that the new filesystem is mounted on <code>/home</code> from now on. {{Admon/tip|SELinux relabelling may be required|Your system may report that the files are not present in the new /home filesystem when they are clearly there. This is due to the Security-Enhanced Linux system (SELinux) preventing access to the files, because the files were tampered with (moved) and are no longer recognized as home directory content. You can fix this problem by restoring the file context labels so that SELinux accepts the files as valid home directory content: <code>restorecon -r /home</code>}}  == Investigation 4: How can I use LVM to manage storage on my f16host disk pack? =='''On your <u>f16host</u> (i.e. "disk pack"), using your choice of the GUI and/or command-line tools:'''# Create a new logical partition ('''NOT a logical volume!''') - minimum 5G, leaving at least 10G free space in the extended partition.# Add that partition as a PV into the existing VG (using the commands you used in the previous investigation).# Grow the root filesystem to fill the available space.  = Package Management = == Investigation 5: How do you query the RPM database? == RPM maintains a database of installed software. This information is very useful to system administrators. In Lab 3, you queried that database using RPM with the -q argument. When you query the RPM database, you can separately specify::* Which packages you want information about, using a select-option:* What information you want about those packages, using a query-option '''Perform the following steps:''' # Using information from the man page for <code>rpm</code>, fill in this information: {|width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5"|-!Option!Meaning!Is this a select-option or a query-optionhappens? Why?|-| -a|Select all packages|select-option|-| -l| | |-| -p ''filename'''|Select this uninstalled package| |-| -i|Show the package license, packager, URL, description, and other general information.| |-| -f '''filename'''| | |-|'''packagename'''|Select just this package|select-option|} <ol> <li value="2">Make certain to include the information in this table in your lab3 logbook.</li>

=Updated backup instructions = Investigation 6: How do you install and remove software with RPM? == # Change to the directory on your Installation DVD containing the file: <code>lynx-2.8.7-2.fc16.x86_64.rpm</code># Execute this command: <code>rpm -i lynx-2.8.7-2.fc16.x86_64.rpm</code># Issue an RPM query to check that lynx is installed.# Issue this command: <code>rpm -e lynx</code># Issue an RPM query to verify that lynx is no longer installed.# Issue this command: <code>rpm -i BackupPC-3.1.0-16.fc16.noarch.rpm</code> and note the result Answer the Investigation 6 question.  == Investigation 7: How do you install and remove software with ''yum''? == {{Admon/note|Internet Connection|In order for yum to work you require a connection to the Internet. Establish this connection by using the browser to log into SeneNET}} # Change to your home directory. <ol> <li value="2">Issue the command: <code>yum install BackupPC</code> and answer <code>y</code> to the question about installation. <ol type="a"> <li>Where did ''yum'' get the BackupPC software?</li> <li>Why could ''yum'' install BackupPC when rpm couldn't?</li> </ol> </li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is installed.</li> <li>Issue the command: <code>yum remove BackupPC</code></li> <li>Issue an RPM query to verify that BackupPC is no longer installed.</li> <li>Install <code>nled</code> using '''yum'''.</li> <li>Issue this command: <code>yum info cups</code></li></ol>::* Based on the result, do you think that cups is a useful package for your system? If not, try removing it.<ol> <li value="8">Unused and unneeded software can present a security risk and ties up disk space needlessly. Find at least 4 other packages that you're not using on your system, and remove them. Be careful to ensure that removing those packages does not also remove other software that you do need.</li></ol>

Answer the Investigation 7 questionIf you completed this lab correctly - please make sure you are still making full backups of your virtual machines.

{{Admon/important|Time for a new backup!|If you have successfully completed this lab, make a new backup of your virtual machines. Remember to also make a backup of the new second virtual disk drive on ''fedora1'' -- you now have two virtual disks on ''fedora1'', and therefore two image files, and therefore will need two backup files.}}

'''Arrange proof of the following on the screenNotes:'''# rpm command options# yum command options# How to use pvs/vgs/lvs/df/pvcreate/vgextend/lvextend# Answer to this question "What is the license of the nautilus package?"

# Two PVs on '''fedora1'''.# Separate <code>/home</code> filesystem (Arrange evidence for each of these items on your screen, then ask your instructor to review them and sign off on an LV) in the lab's completion:''fedora1'''.# Larger <code>/home</code> nled installed on '''fedora2''' and '''fedora3'''the host (disk pack - main system f16host).

= Preparing for the Quizzes =