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A ''stack'' is an array area of memory where values are added (pushed) or removed (pulled) to/from the end of the array only. Most CPU designs incorporate one or more hardware-managed stacks which are used to store and restore state information during subroutine calls, exceptions, and interrupts.

On some architectures, the stack grows downward in memory; in others, it grows upward. Hardware stacks are implemented through the use of a [[Register#Stack Pointer|stack pointer]] register, which is used for indirect read/writes, with the stack pointer automatically incremented or decremented on each access. On some architectures, the stack grows downward in memory; in others, it grows upward.