View source for ULI101 Lecture 1

=Introduction to ULI101=
==Course Requirements==
*final mark is based on:
**18% for 3 assignments
**12% for 4 quizzes
**30% for mid-term test
**40% for final exam
*to pass, you must:
**achieve a grade of 50% or better on the final exam
**achieve a weighted average of 50% or better for the test and final exam
**achieve a grade of 50% or better on the overall course

==Quizzes==
*there will be 4 quizzes worth a total of 12%
*the quizzes will cover material up to the previous week's lectures

==Assignments==
*there will be three assignments worth a total of 18%
*assignments will be due by midnight on the due date
*late assignments will be penalized 10% per day, including weekends and holidays
*the 3rd assignment will not be accepted beyond the due date

==Reference Material==

*there is a LOT of reference material available on the internet
*a huge amount of Linux documentation has been collected at: [http://en.tldp.org en.tldp.org]
*if you prefer a book, a good reference is ''' ''A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors and Shell Programming'' ''' by Mark Sobell
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=Introduction to UNIX=

==Operating Systems==
*allocate resources and schedule tasks
*resources include CPU, memory, disk, tape, printers, terminals, modems, etc.
*only one user allowed at a time for each resource
*keeps track of filenames and directory structure
*multi-tasking (one task at a time per processor actually executing)
*multi-processing (schedules multiple processors)
*multi-user

==History of UNIX==
*developed at Bell Labs (AT&T) in 1969
*unlike most OS's at the time, UNIX was multi-user, interactive, and simplified sharing of data & programs
*became popular in industry as college and university graduates were trained in it
*open system, ported to many different hardware platforms (unlike IBM, Burroughs, Univac mainframes)
*software written for one UNIX system will often run on other systems with little or no modification
*still very weak in areas of system management - tape management, security, hardware accounting, capacity planning tools, performance management including prioritization of jobs
*hardware manufacturers modified UNIX to run on their systems and added enhancements
*standardization was begun in response to Windows NT threat
*System V Release 4 is one of the steps to address standardization
*SVR4 includes many of the modifications that were being done by hardware manufacturers, if they were universally useful and applicable

==History of Linux==
*GNU (Gnu's not Unix) was started in early 80's to create and promote free software
*Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in the 1990's, released to the Internet in 1994, mostly using GNU C compiler
*about 1/3 of Linux is GNU code from the Free Software Foundation - a Linux distribution consists of Linux kernel + GNU compilers/tools/utilities + other free software
*Linux uses the Open Source model for development - code is placed on the Internet, users download and test it, programmers improve it and place it back on the web
*there is competition among programmers to fix bugs and improve Linux

==UNIX Structure==
*Hardware, surrounded by
**UNIX Kernel (basic OS), surrounded by
***Shell (user interface, command interpreter, and some built-in commands), surrounded by
****Utilities (or commands)
*most common shells: Bourne shell ('''sh'''), C shell ('''csh'''), Korn shell ('''ksh'''), Bourne again shell ('''bash'''), TC shell ('''tcsh'''), Z shell ('''zsh''')
*we'll mostly be concerned with the Bash shell, which is the most popular Linux shell
*the Korn shell is the most popular Unix shell, and is very similar to the Bash shell

==Entering Commands, Logging In & Out==
*to login, use an SSH (or similar) program, and provide ''userid'' and ''password''
*to backspace (erase), usually '''backspace''', '''control-h''', or '''control-backspace'''
*to interrupt a process, usually '''control-c'''
*to logout, use <code>exit</code>, <code>logout</code>, or '''control-d'''
*use <code>passwd</code> to change password
*command line arguments can be separated by one or more spaces or tabs

==Using the Matrix server at Seneca==
*Make sure that you have access to the Matrix server:
**your Matrix account should be the same userid and password as your Seneca Email and Blackboard accounts
**if you don't already have a Matrix account, follow this link: https://matrix.senecacollege.ca/selfservice/agree/agreement.php
**contact [mailto:servicedesk@senecacollege.ca servicedesk@senecacollege.ca] in case of problems

=Live Linux=
*most major Linux distributions offer a Live version, allowing users to run the OS without installing it
**usually a CD or DVD, but it is possible to have Live USB Linux as well
*users can boot the OS without affecting the existing OS, which can be very useful for:
**troubleshooting
**hardware compatibility testing before install
**virus removal
**trying out a new/unknown distribution
*new or changed files can be saved on portable storage (such as a USB memory stick) or on the local hard drive
*using Live Linux (Knoppix):
**to run Live Linux (Knoppix) in a Virtual Machine using Oracle VirtualBox, you can choose Knoppix from your MyApps as soon as you log into Windows.
**In case Knoppix does not show up in your MyApps after you login, you may look for C:\Knoppix\Knoppix.vbox and double click on the icon. NOTE: This may only work for computers located on campus.
**to use Knoppix from your home machine, or on your laptop, you will need to download and install Oracle VirtualBox for your operating system first and then download the [https://ict.senecacollege.ca/~fac/uli101/Knoppix.zip Knoppix VirtualBox VM] (approx 5GB file and this might take a while to download):
***Unzip the downloaded zip file (Right click and Select "Extract All")
***Read and follow the instructions in the PLEASE-README-FIRST.txt file. It has instructions for running Knoppix on your home machine.
***Should you still have difficulty running Knoppix on your home machine/laptop you may ask your instructor or the Learning Centre ULG leaders for additional help in troubleshooting why Knoppix was not working on your home machine/laptop.

=Some Commands=
*<code>pwd</code> will show your current directory
*<code>cd</code> is used to change current directory, eg. <code>cd directory-name</code>
*<code>ls</code> lists information about files and directories
**<code>ls -a</code> all files (including hidden)
**<code>ls -l</code> long form, gives more information about files
**<code>ls -d</code> gives information about the directory itself, not contained files
**these options can be mixed and matched, eg. ls -ld
*<code>cal</code> displays a calendar of the current month
**<code>cal 1995</code> displays calendar for specified year
**<code>cal 3 1995</code> displays calendar for specified month of specified year
*<code>date</code> gives date and time
*<code>who</code>, <code>w</code> information about users logged on to system
**<code>who am i</code>, <code>whoami</code> information about your session
*here is a list of most of the commands we'll be seeing in this course: [http://czegel.com/seneca/uli101/lectures/Lecture1a.html Command Summary]